Saturday, August 24, 2013
Tuesday, August 13, 2013
Please do NOT turn on A/C as soon as you enter the car
Open the windows after you enter your car and turn ON the air-conditioning after a couple of minutes.
Here's why:
According to a research, the car dashboard, sofa, air freshener emit Benzene, a Cancer causing toxin (carcinogen - take time to observe the smell of heated plastic in your car).
In addition to causing cancer, Benzene poisons your bones, causes anemia and reduces white blood cells.
Prolonged exposure will cause Leukemia, increasing the risk of cancer. May also cause miscarriage.
Acceptable Benzene level indoors is 50 mg per sq. ft.
A car parked indoors with windows closed will contain 400-800 mg of Benzene. If parked outdoors under the sun at a temperature above 60 degrees F, the Benzene level goes up to 2000-4000 mg, 40 times the acceptable level...
People who get into the car, keeping windows closed will inevitably inhale, in quick succession excessive amounts of the toxin.
Benzene is a toxin that affects your kidney and liver. What's worse, it is extremely difficult for your body to expel this toxic stuff. So friends, please open the windows and door of your car - give time for interior to air out - dispel the deadly stuff - before you enter.
Analysis: While it isn't 100% false, the above text is a font of misinformation.
Starting with the basics, it's true that benzene is a toxic chemical known to produce a variety of ill health effects, including anemia and cancer (specifically leukemia) in humans.
The substance occurs both naturally (mainly as a component of crude oil) and as a byproduct of human activities, e.g. as a component of petroleum-based products (such as gasoline) and products manufactured using benzene as a solvent (such as plastics, synthetic fibers, dyes, glues, detergents, and drugs). It's also a constituent of tobacco smoke.
Low levels of benzene are typically present in outdoor air due to automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. Thanks to vapors emitted by household products such as glues, paints, and furniture wax, even higher levels of benzene can sometimes be found in indoor air, especially in new buildings.
Benzene in cars
Do automobile dashboards, door panels, seats, and other interior components emit benzene, as claimed in the email? Most likely. In most cars these items are made from plastics, synthetic fabrics, and glues, some of which are manufactured using benzene. According to scientists, such items may "off-gas" trace amounts of benzene, especially under hot weather conditions.
As to car air fresheners, there's precious little information available about the ingredients, though one European study found that some household air fresheners emit measurable amounts of benzene. It's not inconceivable that some car air fresheners do, too.
The crucial question is how much. Might all of these potential emitters cumulatively give off enough benzene to harm your health?
What the scientists say
Most of the published studies wherein benzene levels were measured inside passenger vehicles have been done under driving conditions, in traffic. So, while such studies have indeed found that in-vehicle benzene levels can significantly exceed those outside the vehicle, and could pose a human health hazard, this is mainly attributed to the presence of exhaust fumes.
Also, the amounts of benzene actually detected by researchers, albeit significant, were much, much smaller than the amounts stated in the email. A 2006 study summarizing all the data collected to date reported in-vehicle benzene levels from exhaust fumes ranging from .013 mg to .56 mg per cubic meter — a far cry from the 400 mg to 4,000 mg per square foot (do they mean cubic foot?) reported in the email.
Benzene levels in parked cars
In the one study I was able to find that measured benzene levels inside parked cars with their engines turned off, the results were more benign. Toxicologists took samples of the air inside both a new and a used vehicle under simulated hot-sunlight conditions, measuring the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including C3- and C4-alkylbenzenes, and exposing human and animal cells to the samples to determine their toxicity. Despite the detectable presence of VOCs (a total of 10.9 mg per cubic meter in the new car and 1.2 mg per cubic meter in the old car), no toxic effects were observed. Apart from noting the slight possibility that allergy-prone individuals might find their condition exacerbated by exposure to such compounds, the study concluded there is "no apparent health hazard of parked motor vehicle indoor air."
If in doubt, ventilate
Despite this finding, some drivers may still be concerned about the presence of any benzene vapors inside their car, especially given the World Health Organization's stated position that there is "no safe level of exposure" to the carcinogen. They may also worry, per the email warning above, that turning on the vehicle's air conditioner might exacerbate their exposure to trapped toxins by recirculating contaminated air. If that's the case, there's no harm done — and much peace of mind to be gained — by simply opening the windows and ventilating the car before turning it on.
Here's why:
According to a research, the car dashboard, sofa, air freshener emit Benzene, a Cancer causing toxin (carcinogen - take time to observe the smell of heated plastic in your car).
In addition to causing cancer, Benzene poisons your bones, causes anemia and reduces white blood cells.
Prolonged exposure will cause Leukemia, increasing the risk of cancer. May also cause miscarriage.
Acceptable Benzene level indoors is 50 mg per sq. ft.
A car parked indoors with windows closed will contain 400-800 mg of Benzene. If parked outdoors under the sun at a temperature above 60 degrees F, the Benzene level goes up to 2000-4000 mg, 40 times the acceptable level...
People who get into the car, keeping windows closed will inevitably inhale, in quick succession excessive amounts of the toxin.
Benzene is a toxin that affects your kidney and liver. What's worse, it is extremely difficult for your body to expel this toxic stuff. So friends, please open the windows and door of your car - give time for interior to air out - dispel the deadly stuff - before you enter.
Analysis: While it isn't 100% false, the above text is a font of misinformation.
Starting with the basics, it's true that benzene is a toxic chemical known to produce a variety of ill health effects, including anemia and cancer (specifically leukemia) in humans.
The substance occurs both naturally (mainly as a component of crude oil) and as a byproduct of human activities, e.g. as a component of petroleum-based products (such as gasoline) and products manufactured using benzene as a solvent (such as plastics, synthetic fibers, dyes, glues, detergents, and drugs). It's also a constituent of tobacco smoke.
Low levels of benzene are typically present in outdoor air due to automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. Thanks to vapors emitted by household products such as glues, paints, and furniture wax, even higher levels of benzene can sometimes be found in indoor air, especially in new buildings.
Benzene in cars
Do automobile dashboards, door panels, seats, and other interior components emit benzene, as claimed in the email? Most likely. In most cars these items are made from plastics, synthetic fabrics, and glues, some of which are manufactured using benzene. According to scientists, such items may "off-gas" trace amounts of benzene, especially under hot weather conditions.
As to car air fresheners, there's precious little information available about the ingredients, though one European study found that some household air fresheners emit measurable amounts of benzene. It's not inconceivable that some car air fresheners do, too.
The crucial question is how much. Might all of these potential emitters cumulatively give off enough benzene to harm your health?
What the scientists say
Most of the published studies wherein benzene levels were measured inside passenger vehicles have been done under driving conditions, in traffic. So, while such studies have indeed found that in-vehicle benzene levels can significantly exceed those outside the vehicle, and could pose a human health hazard, this is mainly attributed to the presence of exhaust fumes.
Also, the amounts of benzene actually detected by researchers, albeit significant, were much, much smaller than the amounts stated in the email. A 2006 study summarizing all the data collected to date reported in-vehicle benzene levels from exhaust fumes ranging from .013 mg to .56 mg per cubic meter — a far cry from the 400 mg to 4,000 mg per square foot (do they mean cubic foot?) reported in the email.
Benzene levels in parked cars
In the one study I was able to find that measured benzene levels inside parked cars with their engines turned off, the results were more benign. Toxicologists took samples of the air inside both a new and a used vehicle under simulated hot-sunlight conditions, measuring the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including C3- and C4-alkylbenzenes, and exposing human and animal cells to the samples to determine their toxicity. Despite the detectable presence of VOCs (a total of 10.9 mg per cubic meter in the new car and 1.2 mg per cubic meter in the old car), no toxic effects were observed. Apart from noting the slight possibility that allergy-prone individuals might find their condition exacerbated by exposure to such compounds, the study concluded there is "no apparent health hazard of parked motor vehicle indoor air."
If in doubt, ventilate
Despite this finding, some drivers may still be concerned about the presence of any benzene vapors inside their car, especially given the World Health Organization's stated position that there is "no safe level of exposure" to the carcinogen. They may also worry, per the email warning above, that turning on the vehicle's air conditioner might exacerbate their exposure to trapped toxins by recirculating contaminated air. If that's the case, there's no harm done — and much peace of mind to be gained — by simply opening the windows and ventilating the car before turning it on.
FOLIC ACID IS MUST FOR HEALTHY BABY AND HEALTHY MOTHER.
aving a healthy baby means making sure you're healthy, too. One of the most important things you can do to help prevent serious birth defects in your baby is to get enough folic acid every day — especially before conception and during early pregnancy.
About Folic Acid
Folic acid, sometimes called folate, is a B vitamin (B9) found mostly in leafy green vegetables like kale and spinach, orange juice, and enriched grains.
Many studies have shown that women who get 400 micrograms (0.4 milligrams) daily prior to conception and during early pregnancy reduce the risk that their baby will be born with a serious neural tube defect (a birth defect involving incomplete development of the brain and spinal cord) by up to 70%.
The most common neural tube defects are:
spina bifida, an incomplete closure of the spinal cord and spinal column
anencephaly, severe underdevelopment of the brain
encephalocele, when brain tissue protrudes out to the skin from an abnormal opening in the skull
All of these defects occur during the first 28 days of pregnancy — usually before a woman even knows she's pregnant.
That's why it's so important for all women of childbearing age to get enough folic acid — not just those who are planning to become pregnant. Only 50% of pregnancies are planned, so any woman who could become pregnant should make sure she's getting enough folic acid.
12 symptoms of kidney disease you should not ignore
Most people are not aware of the fact that kidney diseases can be silent killers. They may not show any symptoms for a long time till the situation becomes critical. It is important to recognize the symptoms of kidney diseases to catch them early. Here is a list of twelve such symptoms you should look out for:
#Changes in your urinary function
# The first symptom of kidney disease is changes the amount, frequency of your urination. There may be an increase or decrease in amount and/or its frequency, especially at night. It may also look more dark colored. You may feel the urge to urinate but are unable to do so when you get to the restroom.
#Difficulty or pain during voiding :Sometimes you have difficulty or feel pressure or pain while voiding. Urinary tract infections may cause symptoms such as pain or burning during urination. When these infections spread to the kidneys they may cause fever and pain in your back.
#Blood in the urine : This is a symptom of kidney disease which is a definite cause for concern. There may be other reasons, but it is advisable to visit your doctor in case you notice it.
#Swelling : Kidneys remove wastes and extra fluid from the body. When they are unable to do so, this extra fluid will build up causing swelling in your hands, feet, ankles and/or your face.
# Extreme fatigue and generalized weakness : Your kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin which helps make red blood cells that carry oxygen. In kidney disease lower levels of erythropoietin causes decreased red blood cells in your body resulting in anemia. There is decreased oxygen delivery to cells causing generalized weakness and extreme fatigue.
# Dizziness & Inability to concentrate : Anemia associated with kidney disease also depletes your brain of oxygen which may cause dizziness, trouble with concentration, etc.
#Feeling cold all the time : If you have kidney disease you may feel cold even when in a warm surrounding due to anemia. Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) may cause fever with chills.
#Skin rashes and itching : Kidney failure causes waste build-up in your blood. This can causes severe itching and skin rashes.
#Ammonia breath and metallic taste : Kidney failure increases level of urea in the blood (uraemia). This urea is broken down to ammonia in the saliva causing urine-like bad breath called ammonia breath. It is also usually associated with an unpleasant metallic taste (dysgeusia) in the mouth.
# Nausea and vomiting : The build-up of waste products in your blood in kidney disease can also cause nausea and vomiting.
# Shortness of breath : Kidney disease causes fluid to build up in the lungs. And also, anaemia, a common side-effect of kidney disease, starves your body of oxygen. You may have trouble catching your breath due to these factors.
# Pain in the back or sides : Some cases of kidney disease may cause pain. You may feel a severe cramping pain that spreads from the lower back into the groin if there is a kidney stone in the ureter. Pain may also be related to polycystic kidney disease, an inherited kidney disorder, which causes many fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. Interstitial cystitis, a chronic inflammation of the bladder wall, causes chronic pain and discomfort.
It is important to identify kidney disease early because in most cases the damage in the kidneys can’t be undone. To reduce your chances of getting severe kidney problems, see your doctor when you observe one or more of the above symptoms. If caught early, kidney disease can be treated very effectively.
9 weeks pregnant,
ow that you’re 9 weeks pregnant, your baby is about the size of a fig. The heart has divided into four chambers and the placenta is formed and ready to do its big work of producing specific hormones for your pregnancy. Your pregnancy symptoms may have started to decrease, leaving you feeling a bit more like yourself. Or, maybe you’re starting to feel like your body is taking over and you’d better get out of its way.Your last week in the single digits. Wow.
Can’t take the wait!
The suspense may be killing you, but your baby’s genitalia at 9 weeks is not visible yet. Usually the “big ultrasound”, otherwise known as the anatomy scan, isn’t until around the 20th week of your pregnancy. So, cool your jets for now. This baby’s staying modest for a little while longer.
We’ve decided to name the baby Nunn Ovyorbizness…
If you’ve already made your announcement that you and your partner are expecting and that you are 9 weeks pregnant, you may be having second thoughts about your decision. Suddenly everyone has an opinion and everyone is an expert on what you should and shouldn’t do, and how you should go about it. It can all be very overwhelming. Try coming up with a couple polite one liners that you can repeat each time someone offers “advice” or criticisms. Something along the lines of, “ Isn’t it great that everyone has options?”, or even “That’s something that we will probably decide privately.” And there’s also a simple “Thanks!”. All over the place emotions seem to be one of the pregnancy symptoms that stays with you the entire pregnancy, so try not to let unwanted remarks rain on your parade.
Trying to be patient with pregnancy symptoms while 9 Weeks Pregnant …
Speaking of pregnancy symptoms. You may be one of the unlucky that end up with nausea or exhaustion for all 9 months of your pregnancy. While 9 weeks pregnant, pregnancy symptoms that have been with you this whole time are common. They may subside, but, they may not. If you haven’t already, have a serious talk with your doctor about the pregnancy symptoms that are making your day-to-day routine tough. Even while 9 weeks pregnant, you may want to consider talking to your doctor about medications for nausea. No matter what, give yourself a break. Dealing with pregnancy symptoms day after day is difficult, especially when you’d really like to feel better and get to actually enjoy your pregnancy.
Maybe more than the blues…
Intense emotions are tricky to navigate, to say the least. This may be one of the least talked about pregnancy symptoms. You may feel like crying at the drop of a hat, you may be finding yourself feeling depressed, and you may even be doubting your ability to be a good mother. While these feelings are common, this is one of the pregnancy symptoms that should not be ignored. Be honest with whomever you are getting your prenatal care from. In the meantime, talk to your partner about your feelings. His job right now is to support you, so don’t be concerned about burdening him. No one said pregnancy was easy. Well, maybe some did, but they might have been fibbing.
Whose body is this???
Around 9 weeks, you may be noticing that your pants are a little bit harder to button, and your blouse is fitting a little bit tighter. Get ready, your body is about to change like you never imagined. Now’s the time to be at peace with the fact that you will be gaining weight. It’s important that you get more calories than usual, and if your pre-pregnant self was in the habit of carefully monitoring your caloric intake, this may feel a little funny. Your doctor or midwife should let you know by the time you are 9 weeks pregnant what your ideal weight gain should be. Don’t be alarmed if you gain a lot of weight right off the bat. Some women gain weight gradually and some gain the majority of their weight all at once. It’s important to make healthy choices, but it’s just as important to make sure you are OK with your body, ahem, expanding.
Don’t forget! He’s pregnant too (sorta)!
Checking in with your partner often is key, so make a point of asking him how’s he’s handling the pregnancy so far. He may be worried about money, if your home is ready for a baby, or if your relationship will change. Consider him 9 weeks pregnant as well, and with his own set of pregnancy symptoms. Set aside a night a week for a date. It could be dinner and a movie, or it could just be watching a movie at home and ordering Chinese food. A pregnancy can make for some new dynamics in a relationship, so keep the communication going, and make time to enjoy each other and have a good time.
Can’t take the wait!
The suspense may be killing you, but your baby’s genitalia at 9 weeks is not visible yet. Usually the “big ultrasound”, otherwise known as the anatomy scan, isn’t until around the 20th week of your pregnancy. So, cool your jets for now. This baby’s staying modest for a little while longer.
We’ve decided to name the baby Nunn Ovyorbizness…
If you’ve already made your announcement that you and your partner are expecting and that you are 9 weeks pregnant, you may be having second thoughts about your decision. Suddenly everyone has an opinion and everyone is an expert on what you should and shouldn’t do, and how you should go about it. It can all be very overwhelming. Try coming up with a couple polite one liners that you can repeat each time someone offers “advice” or criticisms. Something along the lines of, “ Isn’t it great that everyone has options?”, or even “That’s something that we will probably decide privately.” And there’s also a simple “Thanks!”. All over the place emotions seem to be one of the pregnancy symptoms that stays with you the entire pregnancy, so try not to let unwanted remarks rain on your parade.
Trying to be patient with pregnancy symptoms while 9 Weeks Pregnant …
Speaking of pregnancy symptoms. You may be one of the unlucky that end up with nausea or exhaustion for all 9 months of your pregnancy. While 9 weeks pregnant, pregnancy symptoms that have been with you this whole time are common. They may subside, but, they may not. If you haven’t already, have a serious talk with your doctor about the pregnancy symptoms that are making your day-to-day routine tough. Even while 9 weeks pregnant, you may want to consider talking to your doctor about medications for nausea. No matter what, give yourself a break. Dealing with pregnancy symptoms day after day is difficult, especially when you’d really like to feel better and get to actually enjoy your pregnancy.
Maybe more than the blues…
Intense emotions are tricky to navigate, to say the least. This may be one of the least talked about pregnancy symptoms. You may feel like crying at the drop of a hat, you may be finding yourself feeling depressed, and you may even be doubting your ability to be a good mother. While these feelings are common, this is one of the pregnancy symptoms that should not be ignored. Be honest with whomever you are getting your prenatal care from. In the meantime, talk to your partner about your feelings. His job right now is to support you, so don’t be concerned about burdening him. No one said pregnancy was easy. Well, maybe some did, but they might have been fibbing.
Whose body is this???
Around 9 weeks, you may be noticing that your pants are a little bit harder to button, and your blouse is fitting a little bit tighter. Get ready, your body is about to change like you never imagined. Now’s the time to be at peace with the fact that you will be gaining weight. It’s important that you get more calories than usual, and if your pre-pregnant self was in the habit of carefully monitoring your caloric intake, this may feel a little funny. Your doctor or midwife should let you know by the time you are 9 weeks pregnant what your ideal weight gain should be. Don’t be alarmed if you gain a lot of weight right off the bat. Some women gain weight gradually and some gain the majority of their weight all at once. It’s important to make healthy choices, but it’s just as important to make sure you are OK with your body, ahem, expanding.
Don’t forget! He’s pregnant too (sorta)!
Checking in with your partner often is key, so make a point of asking him how’s he’s handling the pregnancy so far. He may be worried about money, if your home is ready for a baby, or if your relationship will change. Consider him 9 weeks pregnant as well, and with his own set of pregnancy symptoms. Set aside a night a week for a date. It could be dinner and a movie, or it could just be watching a movie at home and ordering Chinese food. A pregnancy can make for some new dynamics in a relationship, so keep the communication going, and make time to enjoy each other and have a good time.
ow Salt Affects Blood Pressure:
Salt (sodium) is essential to our bodies. Normally the kidneys control the level of salt. If there is too much salt, the kidneys pass it into urine. But when our salt intake levels are very high, the kidneys cannot keep up and the salt ends up in our bloodstream. Salt attracts water. When there is too much salt in the blood, the salt draws more water into the blood. More water increases the volume of blood which raises blood pressure.
Salt Sensitivity :
Some people are more sensitive to salt than others. In some people too much salt will cause their blood pressures to rise, in others there will not be as large a change. About half of people are salt sensitive. African-Americans, the elderly and people with diabetes are more often salt sensitive. If you have high blood pressure, you can always benefits from decreasing your salt intake.
The Salt Intake Recommendations:
You need about 500 milligrams of salt everyday for your body to function. Most people take in about 10 times that amount daily. The recommended amount of salt for people with high blood pressure is about 1500 milligrams a day. Any reduction in your salt intake will help.
Lowering Your Salt Intake:
Processed foods use salt as an additive. Almost 80% of the average person's daily salt intake comes from processed foods. If we ate only natural foods and limited the use of table salt, we would be able to eliminate excess salt in our diets.
Foods to Avoid:
Salt can hide in many processed foods. Try to eat mostly produce, fruits and fresh meat. Avoid condiments, pickles, ham, bacon, salsa, cheese, cold cuts, olives, broths, anything canned, and anything processed. The list can go on and on. You need to check the sodium content on food labels and think twice about anything with over 100 mg per serving. A few of these items are okay everyday, but not too many.
Salt Sensitivity :
Some people are more sensitive to salt than others. In some people too much salt will cause their blood pressures to rise, in others there will not be as large a change. About half of people are salt sensitive. African-Americans, the elderly and people with diabetes are more often salt sensitive. If you have high blood pressure, you can always benefits from decreasing your salt intake.
The Salt Intake Recommendations:
You need about 500 milligrams of salt everyday for your body to function. Most people take in about 10 times that amount daily. The recommended amount of salt for people with high blood pressure is about 1500 milligrams a day. Any reduction in your salt intake will help.
Lowering Your Salt Intake:
Processed foods use salt as an additive. Almost 80% of the average person's daily salt intake comes from processed foods. If we ate only natural foods and limited the use of table salt, we would be able to eliminate excess salt in our diets.
Foods to Avoid:
Salt can hide in many processed foods. Try to eat mostly produce, fruits and fresh meat. Avoid condiments, pickles, ham, bacon, salsa, cheese, cold cuts, olives, broths, anything canned, and anything processed. The list can go on and on. You need to check the sodium content on food labels and think twice about anything with over 100 mg per serving. A few of these items are okay everyday, but not too many.
the German Measles Vaccine Before You Try to Conceive.
et the German Measles Vaccine Before You Try to Conceive.
Rubella—also known as German measles—is an infectious viral disease that, if acquired during pregnancy, can cause blindness, heart defects, deafness and other birth defects in the baby.
The risk to the developing baby is greatest during the first month of pregnancy, when the risk of affect is about 50/50. By the third month of pregnancy, the risk of the baby being affected by such exposure drops to just 10 percent. waiting period before attempting to conceive after a rubella immunization is 3 months . you can start trying to conceive 3 months after your shot.
Rubella—also known as German measles—is an infectious viral disease that, if acquired during pregnancy, can cause blindness, heart defects, deafness and other birth defects in the baby.
The risk to the developing baby is greatest during the first month of pregnancy, when the risk of affect is about 50/50. By the third month of pregnancy, the risk of the baby being affected by such exposure drops to just 10 percent. waiting period before attempting to conceive after a rubella immunization is 3 months . you can start trying to conceive 3 months after your shot.
vaccines
It is important to get all the facts before taking any vaccines or undergoing any immunizations during pregnancy – while some vaccines are indicated, others are specifically not to be taken by pregnant women.
Immunizations during pregnancy may be indicated in certain cases more than others. Women who work in a health care provider location may require certain vaccines.
If travel to places where infection is more likely, or if chances of infection are raised by conditions such as diabetes, then as well vaccines may be indicated. An individual evaluation should be made in each case.
Vaccines are generally created by using weakened viruses or bacteria of a given pathogen and these are then introduced into the person’s system to stimulate the production of antibodies against the pathogen and hence create immunity. During pregnancy, such vaccines, which are created using live bacteria or virus are not to be taken.
The following immunizations during pregnancy if even mistakenly administered, may cause fetal damage:
Measles
Polio
Mumps
Yellow fever
Varicella or chicken pox
Rubella (German Measles)
BCG (TB)
The nasal spray flu vaccine
So since there are a number of vaccines that cannot be taken safely during pregnancy, women who are planning to get pregnant can choose to get certain vaccines before getting pregnancy. This can help to help protect themselves as well as the baby that they will conceive in the future.
Speaking with one’s doctor and telling them about their medical and immunization history can help clarify what vaccines are required to be taken before getting pregnant. Vaccines such as German Measles or rubella and chicken pox can be taken prior to conceiving, but at least one month should be allowed to elapse after the vaccine and before getting pregnant.
The immunizations that are indicated during pregnancy are:
Tetanus is recommended to be taken in certain countries to prevent tetanus in neonates
The flu shot is also recommended to be taken during pregnancy since pregnant women and new mothers are more at risk of developing the kind of complications that originate from the flu. However what kind of vaccine is deemed safe to take during pregnancy (it should have no live virus or bacteria) would have to be seen.
In general, a woman’s personal health history, her immunity levels and the nature of her work and the kind of environment she is habituated to, have to be taken into account when looking at the kind of pregnancy vaccines she should be taking before, during and after pregnancy. An individual assessment of each woman should be made taking into account all these factors.
So if a woman is planning to get pregnant, she should discuss certain things with her health care provider before she conceives. While supplements such as folic acid are routinely to be taken, others may be prescribed for specific deficiencies; similarly immunizations during pregnancy, if any are
TIPS FOR PREVENTING VARICOSE VEINS
There are some people who are predisposed to getting varicose veins. For instance, women who are pregnant have an increased risk of getting varicose veins as do people who smoke and men and women who sit at their desk job all day with little to no moving around. Genetics often play a role in who gets varicose veins, so if you mom or dad had the veins then chances are that you will also have them. Of course, there are a few tips you can use to help prevent these veins from occurring.
1. Maintain a Healthy Weight
One of the best things you can do to prevent varicose veins is to maintain a healthy weight. Women and men who are overweight or obese have a greater chance of developing these veins so if you already know that you are predisposed to getting them you should try and control your weight as best as possible. Maintaining a healthy weight can prevent most varicose veins from forming.
2. Exercise Regularly
Along with maintaining a healthy weight, you should exercise regularly to prevent varicose veins from forming. In fact, regular exercise can help you to maintain weight but it also does much more. By exercising regularly you will keep your blood flowing and circulating which will help prevent varicose veins from forming in the first place. This is the reason why doctors often prescribe people who already suffer from the veins to begin an exercise program right away. The exercise itself does not have to be strenuous but it does need to be done regularly. A half hour of walking everyday will help to prevent many of your varicose veins from forming.
3. Wear Compression Stockings
Compression stocking are used by people who already have varicose veins, but if you are worried about developing them you can begin wearing these thick stocking right away. Compression stockings can help improve circulation and will also help keep any existing veins from forming.
4. Avoid Standing or Sitting Still for Long Periods
Another way to prevent varicose veins is to avoid either standing or sitting still for long periods of time. Both of these practices can put added stress on your legs and if you are prone to getting varicose veins the added stress can cause the development of them. Additionally, if you already have varicose veins then standing or sitting still for long periods at a time can make them worse. If your job demands that you sit or stand like this then try to make certain that you walk around and bring circulation to your legs at regular intervals. Marching in place, taking a short stroll, or even performing stretches at your desk can all help to prevent the formation of varicose veins.
5. Wear Flats More Often
Women who wear heels and are prone to getting varicose veins may find that they develop more easily due to wearing heels. This is because standing and walking in your heels can cause large amount of strain on your legs and on your veins. Wear flats; your legs will thank you for it.
While you may not be able to prevent every single varicose vein from forming there are certain things you can do to prevent some of them. If you already know that you have a risk of developing varicose veins then it is important that you do your best to prevent them by following the tips listed above.
1. Maintain a Healthy Weight
One of the best things you can do to prevent varicose veins is to maintain a healthy weight. Women and men who are overweight or obese have a greater chance of developing these veins so if you already know that you are predisposed to getting them you should try and control your weight as best as possible. Maintaining a healthy weight can prevent most varicose veins from forming.
2. Exercise Regularly
Along with maintaining a healthy weight, you should exercise regularly to prevent varicose veins from forming. In fact, regular exercise can help you to maintain weight but it also does much more. By exercising regularly you will keep your blood flowing and circulating which will help prevent varicose veins from forming in the first place. This is the reason why doctors often prescribe people who already suffer from the veins to begin an exercise program right away. The exercise itself does not have to be strenuous but it does need to be done regularly. A half hour of walking everyday will help to prevent many of your varicose veins from forming.
3. Wear Compression Stockings
Compression stocking are used by people who already have varicose veins, but if you are worried about developing them you can begin wearing these thick stocking right away. Compression stockings can help improve circulation and will also help keep any existing veins from forming.
4. Avoid Standing or Sitting Still for Long Periods
Another way to prevent varicose veins is to avoid either standing or sitting still for long periods of time. Both of these practices can put added stress on your legs and if you are prone to getting varicose veins the added stress can cause the development of them. Additionally, if you already have varicose veins then standing or sitting still for long periods at a time can make them worse. If your job demands that you sit or stand like this then try to make certain that you walk around and bring circulation to your legs at regular intervals. Marching in place, taking a short stroll, or even performing stretches at your desk can all help to prevent the formation of varicose veins.
5. Wear Flats More Often
Women who wear heels and are prone to getting varicose veins may find that they develop more easily due to wearing heels. This is because standing and walking in your heels can cause large amount of strain on your legs and on your veins. Wear flats; your legs will thank you for it.
While you may not be able to prevent every single varicose vein from forming there are certain things you can do to prevent some of them. If you already know that you have a risk of developing varicose veins then it is important that you do your best to prevent them by following the tips listed above.
Flu is a respiratory infection caused by number of influenza virus.
Flu is a respiratory infection caused by number of influenza virus.
Most people catch the flu when they breathe in tiny droplets from coughs or sneezes of someone who has the flu. You can also catch the flu if you touch something with the virus on it, and then touch your mouth, nose, or eyes.
Sometimes people confuse colds and flu. They do share some of the same symptoms. Most people get a coldseveral times each year. But they usually get the flu once every few years.
People call a viral illness that makes them throw up or have diarrhea the "stomach flu." This is incorrect. The flu mostly causes symptoms in the nose, throat, and lungs.
Symptoms
Flu symptoms usually begins quickly. Symptoms appear 1 - 7 days after you come in contact with the virus. They usually hit within 2 - 3 days.
The flu spreads easily. It often strikes a community all at once. Students or workers become sick within 2 or 3 weeks of the flu's arrival in a school or workplace.
The first symptom is a fever between 102 and 106 °F. An adult usually has a lower fever than a child.
Other common symptoms include:
Body aches
Chills
Dizziness
Flushed face
Headache
Lack of energy
Nausea and vomiting
Between day 2 and day 4 of the illness, the fever and aches and pains begin to go away. But new symptoms occur, including:
Dry cough
Increased breathing symptoms
Runny nose (clear and watery)
Sneezing
Sore throat
These symptoms (except the cough) usually go away in 4 - 7 days. Sometimes, the fever returns. The cough and feeling tired may last for weeks.
Some people may not feel like eating.
The flu can make asthma, breathing problems, and other long-term illnesses worse.
When to visit your GP
If you are otherwise fit and healthy, there is usually no need to visit your GP if you have flu-like symptoms.
The best remedy is to rest at home, keep warm and drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration.
You can take paracetamol or ibuprofen to lower a high temperature and relieve aches.
You should visit your GP if you have flu-like symptoms and you:
are 65 years of age or over
are pregnant
have a long-term medical condition, such as diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, kidney or neurological disease
have a weakened immune system (the body's natural defence against infection and illness)
Flu can be more serious for these groups and antiviral medication may need to be prescribed.
Read more about how to treat flu and who should see a doctor.
Preventing the Flu:
1. Avoid close contact.
Avoid close contact with people who are sick. When you are sick, keep your distance from others to protect them from getting sick too.
2. Stay home when you are sick.
If possible, stay home from work, school, and errands when you are sick. You will help prevent others from catching your illness.
3. Cover your mouth and nose.
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick.
4. Clean your hands.
Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub.
5. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
Germs are often spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth.
6. Practice other good health habits.
Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces at home, work or school, especially when someone is ill. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food.
Most people catch the flu when they breathe in tiny droplets from coughs or sneezes of someone who has the flu. You can also catch the flu if you touch something with the virus on it, and then touch your mouth, nose, or eyes.
Sometimes people confuse colds and flu. They do share some of the same symptoms. Most people get a coldseveral times each year. But they usually get the flu once every few years.
People call a viral illness that makes them throw up or have diarrhea the "stomach flu." This is incorrect. The flu mostly causes symptoms in the nose, throat, and lungs.
Symptoms
Flu symptoms usually begins quickly. Symptoms appear 1 - 7 days after you come in contact with the virus. They usually hit within 2 - 3 days.
The flu spreads easily. It often strikes a community all at once. Students or workers become sick within 2 or 3 weeks of the flu's arrival in a school or workplace.
The first symptom is a fever between 102 and 106 °F. An adult usually has a lower fever than a child.
Other common symptoms include:
Body aches
Chills
Dizziness
Flushed face
Headache
Lack of energy
Nausea and vomiting
Between day 2 and day 4 of the illness, the fever and aches and pains begin to go away. But new symptoms occur, including:
Dry cough
Increased breathing symptoms
Runny nose (clear and watery)
Sneezing
Sore throat
These symptoms (except the cough) usually go away in 4 - 7 days. Sometimes, the fever returns. The cough and feeling tired may last for weeks.
Some people may not feel like eating.
The flu can make asthma, breathing problems, and other long-term illnesses worse.
When to visit your GP
If you are otherwise fit and healthy, there is usually no need to visit your GP if you have flu-like symptoms.
The best remedy is to rest at home, keep warm and drink plenty of water to avoid dehydration.
You can take paracetamol or ibuprofen to lower a high temperature and relieve aches.
You should visit your GP if you have flu-like symptoms and you:
are 65 years of age or over
are pregnant
have a long-term medical condition, such as diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, kidney or neurological disease
have a weakened immune system (the body's natural defence against infection and illness)
Flu can be more serious for these groups and antiviral medication may need to be prescribed.
Read more about how to treat flu and who should see a doctor.
Preventing the Flu:
1. Avoid close contact.
Avoid close contact with people who are sick. When you are sick, keep your distance from others to protect them from getting sick too.
2. Stay home when you are sick.
If possible, stay home from work, school, and errands when you are sick. You will help prevent others from catching your illness.
3. Cover your mouth and nose.
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing. It may prevent those around you from getting sick.
4. Clean your hands.
Washing your hands often will help protect you from germs. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub.
5. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
Germs are often spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with germs and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth.
6. Practice other good health habits.
Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces at home, work or school, especially when someone is ill. Get plenty of sleep, be physically active, manage your stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat nutritious food.
10 THINGS TO DO WHEN YOU ALWAYS FEEL TIRED
• Oxygen is the thee most vital thing in having a brain get foggy or being tired all the time. The air we breathe is filled with sprays, smoke and what not. It’s the fresh air we need to get our body function. A good 20 to 40 minutes walk around some trees early in the morning is going to do the trick.
• One of the other most important and major reasons of being tired/lethargic or having a foggy brain is being de-hydrated. Yes, a slight decrease in the intake or water than the normal makes you very tired. Water is the key ingredient that makes our body run smoothly and efficiently.
• Minerals. Yes they are very important for a body to complete its normal functions. Since we do not eat with is rich with minerals itself. We have to make sure that we complete our dose of minerals regularly. Minerals like Magnesium, Salt and Zinc are very important for our body.
• Vitamins are the next most important thing for us. They complete the cycle along with the minerals. minerals such as Vitamin C, B, A are good for the daily functions or the body.
• Proteins come next in line. They are essential as well for the daily functions of the body. Proteins come in all form like eggs, cereals and meat.
• Having a well balanced sleep is very important. 6-8 hours are usually enough for the body to rest and regain it’s energy.
• It’s not possible to stay away from the daily grind of life, but it is possible to not beat yourself for hours on it. Try to take a breather is you are having a difficult time at work/school or any other place. This will help you function better and will not try out your body.
• Direct all your negative energies at the end of the day to somewhere positive. Play a hardcore game of tennis, or swim a few laps. These two activities are bound to help you relax and stay calm even when you are at the verge of explosion.
• Try teaching yourself patience every now and then. Telling yourself to be calm and relaxed no matter what the problem will eventually help you learn. No matter what the problem or situation you will have your head straight and you would know what to do.
• Lastly, start applying all these with yourself practically. Putting them off would only lead to having more mood swings, being tired all the time. Having less energy to work with or on something. Try and maintain a daily agenda of practicing. I’m sure once you start, you will notice the difference within a week.
• One of the other most important and major reasons of being tired/lethargic or having a foggy brain is being de-hydrated. Yes, a slight decrease in the intake or water than the normal makes you very tired. Water is the key ingredient that makes our body run smoothly and efficiently.
• Minerals. Yes they are very important for a body to complete its normal functions. Since we do not eat with is rich with minerals itself. We have to make sure that we complete our dose of minerals regularly. Minerals like Magnesium, Salt and Zinc are very important for our body.
• Vitamins are the next most important thing for us. They complete the cycle along with the minerals. minerals such as Vitamin C, B, A are good for the daily functions or the body.
• Proteins come next in line. They are essential as well for the daily functions of the body. Proteins come in all form like eggs, cereals and meat.
• Having a well balanced sleep is very important. 6-8 hours are usually enough for the body to rest and regain it’s energy.
• It’s not possible to stay away from the daily grind of life, but it is possible to not beat yourself for hours on it. Try to take a breather is you are having a difficult time at work/school or any other place. This will help you function better and will not try out your body.
• Direct all your negative energies at the end of the day to somewhere positive. Play a hardcore game of tennis, or swim a few laps. These two activities are bound to help you relax and stay calm even when you are at the verge of explosion.
• Try teaching yourself patience every now and then. Telling yourself to be calm and relaxed no matter what the problem will eventually help you learn. No matter what the problem or situation you will have your head straight and you would know what to do.
• Lastly, start applying all these with yourself practically. Putting them off would only lead to having more mood swings, being tired all the time. Having less energy to work with or on something. Try and maintain a daily agenda of practicing. I’m sure once you start, you will notice the difference within a week.
blood Donor qualifications :
qualifications :
Age: 18 through 70 yearsWeight: At least 50 kg
Donation Frequency: 3 months
Donor must be in good health
DO NOT DONATE IF YOU:
Have cold or flu symptoms on the day of donation or do not feel well.
Have taken oral antibiotics in the last three days.
if you are pregnant.
Have had hepatitis after the age of 11 years.
Have hepatitis or close contact with a person who has had clinical hepatitis within the past 12 months.
Have a history of cancer in the past 10 years (except some skin or in situ cancers).
Have had a tattoo, ear or skin piercing, acupuncture, accidental needlestick or come in contact with someone else’s blood in the past 12 months. Ear or skin piercing and acupuncture procedures performed using single use, sterile or properly heat sterilized equipment are acceptable.
Have received a blood transfusion in the last 12 months.
Have had malaria within the last three years or traveled to a malaria risk area within last 12 months.
Are or have been pregnant in the past six weeks.
Have been treated for syphilis or gonorrhea in the past 12 months.
Have used a needle to inject nonprescription drugs (including steroids).
Are at risk for HIV exposure, the virus which causes AIDS.
ere are the seven standard classifications for plastics, and the recycling and reuse information for each type:
#1 – PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)
PET is one of the most commonly used plastics in consumer products, and is found in most water and pop bottles, and some packaging. It is intended for single use applications; repeated use increases the risk of leaching and bacterial growth. PET plastic is difficult to decontaminate, and proper cleaning requires harmful chemicals. Polyethylene terephthalates may leach carcinogens.
PET plastic is recyclable and about 25% of PET bottles in the US today are recycled. The plastic is crushed and then shredded into small flakes which are then reprocessed to make new PET bottles, or spun into polyester fiber. This recycled fiber is used to make textiles such as fleece garments, carpets, stuffing for pillows and life jackets, and similar products.
Products made of #1 (PET) plastic should be recycled but not reused.
#2 – HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene)
HDPE plastic is the stiff plastic used to make milk jugs, detergent and oil bottles, toys, and some plastic bags. HDPE is the most commonly recycled plastic and is considered one of the safest forms of plastic. It is a relatively simple and cost-effective process to recycle HDPE plastic for secondary use.
HDPE plastic is very hard-wearing and does not break down under exposure to sunlight or extremes of heating or freezing. For this reason, HDPE is used to make picnic tables, plastic lumber, waste bins, park benches, bed liners for trucks and other products which require durability and weather-resistance.
Products made of HDPE are reusable and recyclable.
#3 – PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
PVC is a soft, flexible plastic used to make clear plastic food wrapping, cooking oil bottles, teething rings, children’s and pets’ toys, and blister packaging for myriad consumer products. It is commonly used as the sheathing material for computer cables, and to make plastic pipes and parts for plumbing. Because PVC is relatively impervious to sunlight and weather, it is used to make window frames, garden hoses, arbors, raised beds and trellises.
PVC is dubbed the “poison plastic” because it contains numerous toxins which it can leach throughout its entire life cycle. Almost all products using PVC require virgin material for their construction; less than 1% of PVC material is recycled.
Products made using PVC plastic are not recyclable. While some PCV products can be repurposed, PVC products should not be reused for applications with food or for children’s use.
#4 – LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene)
LDPE is often found in shrink wraps, dry cleaner garment bags, squeezable bottles, and the type of plastic bags used to package bread. The plastic grocery bags used in most stores today are made using LDPE plastic. Some clothing and furniture also uses this type of plastic.
LDPE is considered less toxic than other plastics, and relatively safe for use. It is not commonly recycled, however, although this is changing in many communities today as more recycling programs gear up to handle this material. When recycled, LDPE plastic is used for plastic lumber, landscaping boards, garbage can liners and floor tiles. Products made using recycled LDPE are not as hard or rigid as those made using recycled HDPE plastic.
Products made using LDPE plastic are reusable, but not always recyclable. You need to check with your local collection service to see if they are accepting LDPE plastic items for recycling.
#5 – PP (Polypropylene)
Polypropylene plastic is tough and lightweight, and has excellent heat-resistance qualities. It serves as a barrier against moisture, grease and chemicals. When you try to open the thin plastic liner in a cereal box, it is polypropylene. This keeps your cereal dry and fresh. PP is also commonly used for disposable diapers, pails, plastic bottle tops, margarine and yogurt containers, potato chip bags, straws, packing tape and rope.
Polypropylene is recyclable through some curbside recycling programs, but only about 3% of PP products are currently being recycled in the US. Recycled PP is used to make landscaping border stripping, battery cases, brooms, bins and trays. However, #5 plastic is today becoming more accepted by recyclers.
PP is considered safe for reuse. To recycle products made from PP, check with your local curbside program to see if they are now accepting this material.
#6 – PS (Polystyrene)
Polystyrene is an inexpensive, lightweight and easily-formed plastic with a wide variety of uses. It is most often used to make disposable styrofoam drinking cups, take-out “clamshell” food containers, egg cartons, plastic picnic cutlery, foam packaging and those ubiquitous “peanut” foam chips used to fill shipping boxes to protect the contents. Polystyrene is also widely used to make rigid foam insulation and underlay sheeting for laminate flooring used in home construction.
Because polystyrene is structurally weak and ultra-lightweight, it breaks up easily and is dispersed readily throughout the natural environment. Beaches all over the world have bits of polystyrene lapping at the shores, and an untold number of marine species have ingested this plastic with immeasurable consequences to their health.
Polystyrene may leach styrene, a possible human carcinogen, into food products (especially when heated in a microwave). Chemicals present in polystyrene have been linked with human health and reproductive system dysfunction.
Recycling is not widely available for polystyrene products. Most curbside collection services will not accept polystyrene, which is why this material accounts for about 35% of US landfill material. While the technology for recycling polystyrene is available, the market for recycling is small. Awareness among consumers has grown, however, and polystyrene is being reused more often. While it is difficult to find a recycler for PS, some businesses like Mailboxes Etc. which provide shipping services are happy to receive foam packing chips for reuse.
Polystyrene should be avoided where possible.
#7 – Other (BPA, Polycarbonate and LEXAN)
The #7 category was designed as a catch-all for polycarbonate (PC) and “other” plastics, so reuse and recycling protocols are not standardized within this category. Of primary concern with #7 plastics, however, is the potential for chemical leaching into food or drink products packaged in polycarbonate containers made using BPA (Bisphenol A). BPA is a xenoestrogen, a known endocrine disruptor.
Number 7 plastics are used to make baby bottles, sippy cups, water cooler bottles and car parts. BPA is found in polycarbonate plastic food containers often marked on the bottom with the letters “PC” by the recycling label #7. Some polycarbonate water bottles are marketed as ‘non-leaching’ for minimizing plastic taste or odor, however there is still a possibility that trace amounts of BPA will migrate from these containers, particularly if used to heat liquids.
A new generation of compostable plastics, made from bio-based polymers like corn starch, is being developed to replace polycarbonates. These are also included in category #7, which can be confusing to the consumer. These compostable plastics have the initials “PLA” on the bottom near the recycling symbol. Some may also say “Compostable.”
#7 plastics are not for reuse, unless they have the PLA compostable coding. When possible it is best to avoid #7 plastics, especially for children’s food. Plastics with the recycling labels #1, #2 and #4 on the bottom are safer choices and do not contain BPA. PLA coded plastics should be thrown in the compost and not the recycle bin since PLA compostable plastics are not recyclable.
The plastics industry has conformed to regulations by applying the required codes to consumer products, but it is up to individuals to read and understand the codes. BY understanding these simple classifications, we can best use plastics to our advantage while minimizing the health and disposal issues that may otherwise arise.
abstracted :
PET is one of the most commonly used plastics in consumer products, and is found in most water and pop bottles, and some packaging. It is intended for single use applications; repeated use increases the risk of leaching and bacterial growth. PET plastic is difficult to decontaminate, and proper cleaning requires harmful chemicals. Polyethylene terephthalates may leach carcinogens.
PET plastic is recyclable and about 25% of PET bottles in the US today are recycled. The plastic is crushed and then shredded into small flakes which are then reprocessed to make new PET bottles, or spun into polyester fiber. This recycled fiber is used to make textiles such as fleece garments, carpets, stuffing for pillows and life jackets, and similar products.
Products made of #1 (PET) plastic should be recycled but not reused.
#2 – HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene)
HDPE plastic is the stiff plastic used to make milk jugs, detergent and oil bottles, toys, and some plastic bags. HDPE is the most commonly recycled plastic and is considered one of the safest forms of plastic. It is a relatively simple and cost-effective process to recycle HDPE plastic for secondary use.
HDPE plastic is very hard-wearing and does not break down under exposure to sunlight or extremes of heating or freezing. For this reason, HDPE is used to make picnic tables, plastic lumber, waste bins, park benches, bed liners for trucks and other products which require durability and weather-resistance.
Products made of HDPE are reusable and recyclable.
#3 – PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
PVC is a soft, flexible plastic used to make clear plastic food wrapping, cooking oil bottles, teething rings, children’s and pets’ toys, and blister packaging for myriad consumer products. It is commonly used as the sheathing material for computer cables, and to make plastic pipes and parts for plumbing. Because PVC is relatively impervious to sunlight and weather, it is used to make window frames, garden hoses, arbors, raised beds and trellises.
PVC is dubbed the “poison plastic” because it contains numerous toxins which it can leach throughout its entire life cycle. Almost all products using PVC require virgin material for their construction; less than 1% of PVC material is recycled.
Products made using PVC plastic are not recyclable. While some PCV products can be repurposed, PVC products should not be reused for applications with food or for children’s use.
#4 – LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene)
LDPE is often found in shrink wraps, dry cleaner garment bags, squeezable bottles, and the type of plastic bags used to package bread. The plastic grocery bags used in most stores today are made using LDPE plastic. Some clothing and furniture also uses this type of plastic.
LDPE is considered less toxic than other plastics, and relatively safe for use. It is not commonly recycled, however, although this is changing in many communities today as more recycling programs gear up to handle this material. When recycled, LDPE plastic is used for plastic lumber, landscaping boards, garbage can liners and floor tiles. Products made using recycled LDPE are not as hard or rigid as those made using recycled HDPE plastic.
Products made using LDPE plastic are reusable, but not always recyclable. You need to check with your local collection service to see if they are accepting LDPE plastic items for recycling.
#5 – PP (Polypropylene)
Polypropylene plastic is tough and lightweight, and has excellent heat-resistance qualities. It serves as a barrier against moisture, grease and chemicals. When you try to open the thin plastic liner in a cereal box, it is polypropylene. This keeps your cereal dry and fresh. PP is also commonly used for disposable diapers, pails, plastic bottle tops, margarine and yogurt containers, potato chip bags, straws, packing tape and rope.
Polypropylene is recyclable through some curbside recycling programs, but only about 3% of PP products are currently being recycled in the US. Recycled PP is used to make landscaping border stripping, battery cases, brooms, bins and trays. However, #5 plastic is today becoming more accepted by recyclers.
PP is considered safe for reuse. To recycle products made from PP, check with your local curbside program to see if they are now accepting this material.
#6 – PS (Polystyrene)
Polystyrene is an inexpensive, lightweight and easily-formed plastic with a wide variety of uses. It is most often used to make disposable styrofoam drinking cups, take-out “clamshell” food containers, egg cartons, plastic picnic cutlery, foam packaging and those ubiquitous “peanut” foam chips used to fill shipping boxes to protect the contents. Polystyrene is also widely used to make rigid foam insulation and underlay sheeting for laminate flooring used in home construction.
Because polystyrene is structurally weak and ultra-lightweight, it breaks up easily and is dispersed readily throughout the natural environment. Beaches all over the world have bits of polystyrene lapping at the shores, and an untold number of marine species have ingested this plastic with immeasurable consequences to their health.
Polystyrene may leach styrene, a possible human carcinogen, into food products (especially when heated in a microwave). Chemicals present in polystyrene have been linked with human health and reproductive system dysfunction.
Recycling is not widely available for polystyrene products. Most curbside collection services will not accept polystyrene, which is why this material accounts for about 35% of US landfill material. While the technology for recycling polystyrene is available, the market for recycling is small. Awareness among consumers has grown, however, and polystyrene is being reused more often. While it is difficult to find a recycler for PS, some businesses like Mailboxes Etc. which provide shipping services are happy to receive foam packing chips for reuse.
Polystyrene should be avoided where possible.
#7 – Other (BPA, Polycarbonate and LEXAN)
The #7 category was designed as a catch-all for polycarbonate (PC) and “other” plastics, so reuse and recycling protocols are not standardized within this category. Of primary concern with #7 plastics, however, is the potential for chemical leaching into food or drink products packaged in polycarbonate containers made using BPA (Bisphenol A). BPA is a xenoestrogen, a known endocrine disruptor.
Number 7 plastics are used to make baby bottles, sippy cups, water cooler bottles and car parts. BPA is found in polycarbonate plastic food containers often marked on the bottom with the letters “PC” by the recycling label #7. Some polycarbonate water bottles are marketed as ‘non-leaching’ for minimizing plastic taste or odor, however there is still a possibility that trace amounts of BPA will migrate from these containers, particularly if used to heat liquids.
A new generation of compostable plastics, made from bio-based polymers like corn starch, is being developed to replace polycarbonates. These are also included in category #7, which can be confusing to the consumer. These compostable plastics have the initials “PLA” on the bottom near the recycling symbol. Some may also say “Compostable.”
#7 plastics are not for reuse, unless they have the PLA compostable coding. When possible it is best to avoid #7 plastics, especially for children’s food. Plastics with the recycling labels #1, #2 and #4 on the bottom are safer choices and do not contain BPA. PLA coded plastics should be thrown in the compost and not the recycle bin since PLA compostable plastics are not recyclable.
The plastics industry has conformed to regulations by applying the required codes to consumer products, but it is up to individuals to read and understand the codes. BY understanding these simple classifications, we can best use plastics to our advantage while minimizing the health and disposal issues that may otherwise arise.
abstracted :
an antiperspirants or deodorants cause breast cancer?
Can antiperspirants or deodorants cause breast cancer?
Articles in the press and on the Internet have warned that underarm antiperspirants (a preparation that reduces underarm sweat) or deodorants (a preparation that destroys or masks unpleasant odors) cause breast cancer . The reports have suggested that these products contain harmful substances, which can be absorbed through the skin or enter the body through nicks caused by shaving. Some scientists have also proposed that certain ingredients in underarm antiperspirants or deodorants may be related to breast cancer because they are applied frequently to an area next to the breast .
However, researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), a part of the National Institutes of Health, are not aware of any conclusive evidence linking the use of underarm antiperspirants or deodorants and the subsequent development of breast cancer. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates food, cosmetics, medicines, and medical devices, also does not have any evidence or research data that ingredients in underarm antiperspirants or deodorants cause cancer.
What do scientists know about the ingredients in antiperspirants and deodorants?
Aluminum-based compounds are used as the active ingredient in antiperspirants. These compounds form a temporary plug within the sweat duct that stops the flow of sweat to the skin's surface. Some research suggests that aluminum-based compounds, which are applied frequently and left on the skin near the breast, may be absorbed by the skin and cause estrogen-like (hormonal) effects . Because estrogen has the ability to promote the growth of breast cancer cells, some scientists have suggested that the aluminum-based compounds in antiperspirants may contribute to the development of breast cancer .
Some research has focused on parabens, which are preservatives used in some deodorants and antiperspirants that have been shown to mimic the activity of estrogen in the body’s cells . Although parabens are used in many cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical products, according to the FDA, most major brands of deodorants and antiperspirants in the United States do not currently contain parabens. Consumers can look at the ingredient label to determine if a deodorant or antiperspirant contains parabens. Parabens are usually easy to identify by name, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, or benzylparaben. The National Library of Medicine’s Household Products Database also has information about the ingredients used in most major brands of deodorants and antiperspirants.
The belief that parabens build up in breast tissue was supported by a 2004 study, which found parabens in 18 of 20 samples of tissue from human breast tumors . However, this study did not prove that parabens cause breast tumors . The authors of this study did not analyze healthy breast tissue or tissues from other areas of the body and did not demonstrate that parabens are found only in cancerous breast tissue . Furthermore, this research did not identify the source of the parabens and cannot establish that the buildup of parabens is due to the use of deodorants or antiperspirants.
More research is needed to specifically examine whether the use of deodorants or antiperspirants can cause the buildup of parabens and aluminum-based compounds in breast tissue. Additional research is also necessary to determine whether these chemicals can either alter the DNA in some cells or cause other breast cell changes that may lead to the development of breast cancer.
What have scientists learned about the relationship between antiperspirants or deodorants and breast cancer?
In 2002, the results of a study looking for a relationship between breast cancer and underarm antiperspirants/
Findings from a different study examining the frequency of underarm shaving and antiperspirant/deodorant use among 437 breast cancer survivors were released in 2003 .This study found that the age of breast cancer diagnosis was significantly earlier in women who used these products and shaved their underarms more frequently. Furthermore, women who began both of these underarm hygiene habits before 16 years of age were diagnosed with breast cancer at an earlier age than those who began these habits later. While these results suggest that underarm shaving with the use of antiperspirants/
In 2006, researchers examined antiperspirant use and other factors among 54 women with breast cancer and 50 women without breast cancer. The study found no association between antiperspirant use and the risk of breast cancer; however, family history and the use of oral contraceptives were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer .
Because studies of antiperspirants and deodorants and breast cancer have provided conflicting results, additional research is needed to investigate this relationship and other factors that may be involved.
Articles in the press and on the Internet have warned that underarm antiperspirants (a preparation that reduces underarm sweat) or deodorants (a preparation that destroys or masks unpleasant odors) cause breast cancer . The reports have suggested that these products contain harmful substances, which can be absorbed through the skin or enter the body through nicks caused by shaving. Some scientists have also proposed that certain ingredients in underarm antiperspirants or deodorants may be related to breast cancer because they are applied frequently to an area next to the breast .
However, researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), a part of the National Institutes of Health, are not aware of any conclusive evidence linking the use of underarm antiperspirants or deodorants and the subsequent development of breast cancer. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates food, cosmetics, medicines, and medical devices, also does not have any evidence or research data that ingredients in underarm antiperspirants or deodorants cause cancer.
What do scientists know about the ingredients in antiperspirants and deodorants?
Aluminum-based compounds are used as the active ingredient in antiperspirants. These compounds form a temporary plug within the sweat duct that stops the flow of sweat to the skin's surface. Some research suggests that aluminum-based compounds, which are applied frequently and left on the skin near the breast, may be absorbed by the skin and cause estrogen-like (hormonal) effects . Because estrogen has the ability to promote the growth of breast cancer cells, some scientists have suggested that the aluminum-based compounds in antiperspirants may contribute to the development of breast cancer .
Some research has focused on parabens, which are preservatives used in some deodorants and antiperspirants that have been shown to mimic the activity of estrogen in the body’s cells . Although parabens are used in many cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical products, according to the FDA, most major brands of deodorants and antiperspirants in the United States do not currently contain parabens. Consumers can look at the ingredient label to determine if a deodorant or antiperspirant contains parabens. Parabens are usually easy to identify by name, such as methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben, or benzylparaben. The National Library of Medicine’s Household Products Database also has information about the ingredients used in most major brands of deodorants and antiperspirants.
The belief that parabens build up in breast tissue was supported by a 2004 study, which found parabens in 18 of 20 samples of tissue from human breast tumors . However, this study did not prove that parabens cause breast tumors . The authors of this study did not analyze healthy breast tissue or tissues from other areas of the body and did not demonstrate that parabens are found only in cancerous breast tissue . Furthermore, this research did not identify the source of the parabens and cannot establish that the buildup of parabens is due to the use of deodorants or antiperspirants.
More research is needed to specifically examine whether the use of deodorants or antiperspirants can cause the buildup of parabens and aluminum-based compounds in breast tissue. Additional research is also necessary to determine whether these chemicals can either alter the DNA in some cells or cause other breast cell changes that may lead to the development of breast cancer.
What have scientists learned about the relationship between antiperspirants or deodorants and breast cancer?
In 2002, the results of a study looking for a relationship between breast cancer and underarm antiperspirants/
Findings from a different study examining the frequency of underarm shaving and antiperspirant/deodorant use among 437 breast cancer survivors were released in 2003 .This study found that the age of breast cancer diagnosis was significantly earlier in women who used these products and shaved their underarms more frequently. Furthermore, women who began both of these underarm hygiene habits before 16 years of age were diagnosed with breast cancer at an earlier age than those who began these habits later. While these results suggest that underarm shaving with the use of antiperspirants/
In 2006, researchers examined antiperspirant use and other factors among 54 women with breast cancer and 50 women without breast cancer. The study found no association between antiperspirant use and the risk of breast cancer; however, family history and the use of oral contraceptives were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer .
Because studies of antiperspirants and deodorants and breast cancer have provided conflicting results, additional research is needed to investigate this relationship and other factors that may be involved.
RABIES: A FATAL, BUT PREVENTABLE DISEASE
Rabies is practically a 100% fatal disease .There are only 4
recorded survivors till date who recovered following intensive life
support and excellent nursing care.
Points to Remember:
1.Rabies is 100% fatal.
2.Rabies is preventable through wound care, correct use of vaccines and sera.
3.Incorrect/wrong treatment to animal bite victims may lead to rabies death and litigation under Consumer Protection Act.
4.It is very important also to elicit information about the biting
animal (dog/cat).
5.Healthy, pet and regularly vaccinated dog / cat (low risk
category).
6.Healthy, pet and vaccination doubtful or not done
(moderate risk category).
7.Rabid, Sick, died, stray (dog/cat) or other animals or wild
animals (high risk category).
The signs of rabies in the dog/cat are:
# Any change in its normal behaviour
suggesting either undue aggression or depression.
# Running aimlessly and attacking others without any provocation.
# Becomes too drowsy and withdraws itself to a corner.
# Excessive salivation.
# Change in its voice/bark.
# Refusal to feed or eating unusual objects like stone, paper, wood, metal pieces, etc.
# Death of the animal.
"Do"
-- Wash all wounds under running water (or flushing) for atleast
10-15 minutes.
-- Gently clean all wounds with a detergent or any soap available (soaps are viricidal).
-- Apply any household antiseptic like Dettol, Savlon, and Povidone iodine (preferred).
-- In extraneous circumstances other alcoholic (>40%) preparations like Rum, Whisky, after-shave lotion may be
applied on the wound (s).
"Do not"
-- Bandage or dress the wound
(wherever practicable or as far as
possible).
-- Use tincture iodine.
-- Suture the wound.
"Discourage"
--- Not to apply any local applicants like turmeric, , red chilli, lime, plant juices, coffee powder, coin, etc. as these will act as irritants and propel the virus in the wound deeper to cause nerve infection and resultant rabies encephalitis and
death.
recorded survivors till date who recovered following intensive life
support and excellent nursing care.
Points to Remember:
1.Rabies is 100% fatal.
2.Rabies is preventable through wound care, correct use of vaccines and sera.
3.Incorrect/wrong treatment to animal bite victims may lead to rabies death and litigation under Consumer Protection Act.
4.It is very important also to elicit information about the biting
animal (dog/cat).
5.Healthy, pet and regularly vaccinated dog / cat (low risk
category).
6.Healthy, pet and vaccination doubtful or not done
(moderate risk category).
7.Rabid, Sick, died, stray (dog/cat) or other animals or wild
animals (high risk category).
The signs of rabies in the dog/cat are:
# Any change in its normal behaviour
suggesting either undue aggression or depression.
# Running aimlessly and attacking others without any provocation.
# Becomes too drowsy and withdraws itself to a corner.
# Excessive salivation.
# Change in its voice/bark.
# Refusal to feed or eating unusual objects like stone, paper, wood, metal pieces, etc.
# Death of the animal.
"Do"
-- Wash all wounds under running water (or flushing) for atleast
10-15 minutes.
-- Gently clean all wounds with a detergent or any soap available (soaps are viricidal).
-- Apply any household antiseptic like Dettol, Savlon, and Povidone iodine (preferred).
-- In extraneous circumstances other alcoholic (>40%) preparations like Rum, Whisky, after-shave lotion may be
applied on the wound (s).
"Do not"
-- Bandage or dress the wound
(wherever practicable or as far as
possible).
-- Use tincture iodine.
-- Suture the wound.
"Discourage"
--- Not to apply any local applicants like turmeric, , red chilli, lime, plant juices, coffee powder, coin, etc. as these will act as irritants and propel the virus in the wound deeper to cause nerve infection and resultant rabies encephalitis and
death.
Eat fewer oxalate-rich foods.
Eat fewer oxalate-rich foods. If you tend to form calcium oxalate stones, your doctor may recommend restricting foods rich in oxalates. These include rhubarb, beets, okra, spinach, Swiss chard, sweet potatoes, nuts, tea, chocolate and soy products.
Foods High in Oxalate
Drinks: Beer, chocolate milk, soy drinks, tangerine juice, juice of almost all berries and fruit cocktail, and hot cocoa.
Fruits: Rhubarb, currants, lemon, marmalade, purple grapes, tangerine and berries.
Vegetables: Cucumber, kale, green peppers, celery, eggplant, escarole, beets, chives, okra, parsley, spinach.
Grains: Whole wheat bread, popcorn, wheat bran, oatmeal, white corn and soybean crackers.
Legumes, Nuts and Seeds: Beans, baked beans, peanut butter, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, peanuts, almonds, pecans, cashew and walnuts.
Condiments: Black pepper, cinnamon and ginger.
Starches: Fruit cake, sweet potatoes and grits.
Foods High in Oxalate
Drinks: Beer, chocolate milk, soy drinks, tangerine juice, juice of almost all berries and fruit cocktail, and hot cocoa.
Fruits: Rhubarb, currants, lemon, marmalade, purple grapes, tangerine and berries.
Vegetables: Cucumber, kale, green peppers, celery, eggplant, escarole, beets, chives, okra, parsley, spinach.
Grains: Whole wheat bread, popcorn, wheat bran, oatmeal, white corn and soybean crackers.
Legumes, Nuts and Seeds: Beans, baked beans, peanut butter, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, peanuts, almonds, pecans, cashew and walnuts.
Condiments: Black pepper, cinnamon and ginger.
Starches: Fruit cake, sweet potatoes and grits.
මුඛ පිළිකාව
පිළිකාවක් යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන්නේ ශරීරයේ ඕනෑම සෛලයක සිදුවන අසාමාන්ය සෛල වර්ධනයකි. එසේ අසාමාන්ය ලෙස වර්ධනය වී විකෘති වූ සෛල ශරීරයේ විවිධ ස්ථානවල ඇති නිරෝගී සෛල ආක්රමණය කරමින් විනාශ නොවී එක් තැනක ගොඩ ගැසීමෙන් පිළිකාවක් ඇතිවේ. පිළිකා සෛල එක් තැනක සිට තවත් තැනකට ගමන් කරන්නේ රුධිරය සහ වසා මඟිනි.
එවැනි විකෘති වූ සෛල මුඛය තුළ එක් තැන් වී ආසාදනය වූ විට එය මුඛ පිළිකාවක් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. ඇතැම් විට මුඛ පිළිකාව ගන වූ තුවාලයක්, ඉදිමීමක්, හො ඉදිරියට නෙරා ආ වර්ධනයක් ලෙස මූඛය තුළ දිස් විය හැකිය.
මුඛ පිළිකාව කල් තබා හඳුනා ගත හොත් නිට්ටාවට ම සුව කළ හැකිය. එසේ නො වුව හොත් මුඛ පිළිකාව නිසැකවම ඔබ මරණයට පත් කරයි. වර්තමානය වන විට ලංකාවේ වසරකට මුඛ පිළිකා රෝගීහු 1800-2000 අතර සංඛ්යාවක් අලුතින් හඳුනා ගැනෙති. මේ අතරින් රෝගීන් 987-1000 අතර පිරිසක් මිය යති. කල් තියා පූර්ව පිළිකා අවදියේ දී එය හඳුනා ගතහොත් ඉන් වැඩි දෙනකු සුවපත් කළ හැකියි.
සාමාන්යයෙන් අපේ රටේ පිරිමින් තුන් දෙනෙකු ට එක් කාන්තාවක් මුඛ පිළිකාවට ගොදුරු ෙව්. මෙරට පිරිමින් අතර බහුලතම පිළිකාව මුඛ පිළිකාව. කාන්තාවන් අතර බහුලතම පිළිකාව පියයුරු පිළිකාව. මුඛ පිළිකාවට පිරිමින් වැඩියෙන් ගොදුරු වන්නේ මත් පැන් බීම, දුම් බීම, සහ බුලත් විට සැපීම හේතුවෙන්.පිරිමින් අතර දැකිය හැකි අනෙක් ප්රධාන පිළිකා වර්ග වන්නේ පෙණහලු පිළිකාව, ගලනාලයේ පිළිකා සහ ආහාර මාර්ගයේ පිළිකා .මේවා ට ප්රධාන හේතුව දුම් බීම, මත් පැන් , බුලත්විට සහ වැරදි ආහාර පුරුදු. අඩුවෙන් එළවළු සහ පලතුරු පරිභෝජනයත් මෙයට හේතු වෙනවා.
මුඛ පිළිකා ඇති වීමට හේතු අතරින් ප්රධාන වන්නේ බුලත්විට කෑමය. එහි අඩංගු පුවක්, හුනු, දුංකොළ යන තුන් වර්ගය ම පිළිකාකාරක ය. දුම් කොළ ඍජු පිළිකා ජනකයක් බව බොහෝ දෙනා දනිති. පුවක්වල පිළිකා කාරක ඇතැයි පිළිගන්නට බොහෝ දෙනා මැළි වෙති.
එහෙයින් මුඛ පිළිකා සඳහා වර්තමානයෙහි ඇති ප්රබල ම අවදානම් සාධකය පුවක් ය. බුලත් විට මෙන්ම බාබුල් බීඩා ,පැස්පරාක්, ගුඩ්කා, මාවා යන විවිධ නම්වලින් හැඳින්වෙන ආනයනය කරන ලද දුම්කොළ ද අඩංගු පුවක් පැකට් අද වෙළෙඳපොළේ අලෙවි කැරේ. පාසල් සිසුන් , ඇඟලුම් කම්හල්වල සේවකයන් වැනි තරුණ පිරිස ගැවසෙන ස්ථාන අසල මේවා අලෙවි කැරේ. මෙම පුවක් පැකට් අලෙවිය තහනම් කර තිබුණද නීති විරෝධී ලෙස ආනයනය කොට හොර රහසේ තරුණ පිරිසට අලෙවි කිරීම හේතුවෙන් දැන් තරුණ පිරිස අතර මුඛ පිළිකා ද වැඩියෙන් වාර්තා වේ. මුඛ පිළිකාව මෙන්ම ඊටත් වඩා දරුණු මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මල ෆයිබ්රෝසියාව ට ගොදුරු වන ඉතා ළාබාල වියේ රෝගීන් සංඛ්යාව දිනෙන් දින ඉහළ යමින් පවතී.
මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මල ෆයිබ්රෝසියාව
මෙම රෝගයේ මූලික ලක්ෂණය වන්නේ ආහාර ගන්නා විට මුඛයේ අධික දැවිල්ලක් ඇති වීමයි. තොල් සහ මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලය සුදුමැලි වීමත් ඇල්ලූ විට රබර් වැනි ගතියක් දැනීමත් සෙසු ලක්ෂණ වේ. මෙම රෝගය බොහෝ දෙනා යකඩ ඌණතාව යැයි වරදවා වටහා ගනිති. මෙය වැඩි දුරටත් වර්ධනය වූ විට මුඛයෙහි තන්තු ගන වී මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලය ගන වීමෙන් මුඛය ඇර ගැනීමට අපහසු වී අවසානයේ දිව සොලවා ගත නොහැකි වී කතා කිරීමට පවා නො හැකි වේ.
මෙරට තරුණ පරපුර අතර මෙම රෝගය බහුලව දැකිය හැකිය. 2003 ජාතික මුඛ සෞඛ්ය සමීක්ෂණයට අනුව මෙරට ජනතාවගෙන් ලක්ෂ අටකට පූර්ව පිළිකා ලක්ෂණ පහළ වී තිබේ. මේ අතරින් ලක්ෂයක් පමණ මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මල ෆයිබ්රෝසියාවට ගොදුරු වූවෝ වෙති.
පුවක් ගෙඩියේ ඇති ප්රධාන ඇල්කොලයිඩ් වර්ග කිහිපයකි. ඇරිකඩීන්, ගුවායින්, ගුවාකෝලීන් යන මේ ඇල්කොලයිඩ් වර්ග මුඛය තුළදී සිදුවන නයිට්රේෂන් ක්රියාවලියේදී නයිට්රොසොඇමින් නම් වූ පිළිකා ජනක නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි.
දුම් කොළ මඟින් නිකුත් වන පිළිකා ජනක විසි අටකි. ඉන් අමතරව දුම් කොළ හැපීමේ දී මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලයේ සෛල තුළ ඔක්සිජන් අනුක පරමාණුවක් නිකුත් වීම මඟින් ජාන විකෘතිතාවක් සිදු වන බව සොයා ගෙන තිබේ.
හුනු සෛලවලට විස වෙන අතර එමඟින් මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලය තුවාල කරයි. එම තුවාල මඟින් සෙසු පිළිකා කාරක සිරුරට උරා ගැනීම පහසු කරයි. එමෙන් ම හුනු සහ පුවක් සංයෝග වීමෙන් මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලයේ ඔක්සිජන් අනුක පරමාණුවක් නිකුත් වීම මඟින් ජාන විකෘති වන බවද සොයා ගෙන තිබේ. ජාන විකෘතිතාවක් ඇති වී කල් ගත වන විට එතැන පිළිකාවක් ඇති විය හැකිය.
ජාන විකෘතිතාවක් ඇති වූ පමණින් ම පිළිකා ඇති නොවේ. පිළිකා සෛල නැවත ප්රකෘති තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීමේ හැකියාව සහිත ක්රියාවලියක් මිනිස් සිරුර තුළ ස්වභාවයෙන් ම පිහිටා තිබේ. මෙම ක්රියාවලිය දුර්වල වූ අයට පහසුවෙක් ම පිළිකා ඇති වේ.
බුලත් කොළයේ පිළිකා ජනක අඩංගු නොවුණද බුලත් කොළයේ මුල සහ අග ද නැටි සහ මල්වල ද ඇති සැන්රෝල් නමැති සංයෝගය පිළිකා ජනක විය හැකි බවද සොයා ගෙන තිබේ.
දුම් ඉරීමේදි නිකුත් වන තාර වර්ගවල පිළිකා කාරක 70 ක් අඩංගු වේ. මේවා මුඛය, උගුර, මුත්රාශය, වකුගඩු ,ගලනාලය හා ආමාශය ආශ්රිත පිළිකා ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වෙයි.
මත්පැන් බීමේදී එහි ඇති එතනෝල් රසායනිකය අක්මාව තුළ දී පරිවෘත්තීය ක්රියාවලියට බඳුන් වී මෙන් ඇසිට්ඇල්ඩිනයිඩ් නමැති රසායනිකය හැදේ. මෙය ප්රධාන පිළිකා කාරකයකි. මෙය අක්මාව තුළ මුඛයේ බැක්ටීරියා මඟින් නිෂ්පාදනය විය හැකි අතර මුඛය, අක්මාව, ගලනාලය හා ආමාශයේ පිළිකාත් ඇති වීමට හේතු වෙයි.
පිළිකාවක් ඇති වෙන්නට පෙර පහළ වන අසාමාන්යතා පූර්ව පිළිකා ලක්ෂණ ලෙස හැඳින් වේ. මුඛයෙහි ඇතිවන සුදු ලප සුදු සහ රතු මිශ්ර ලප පූර්ව පිළිකා ලක්ෂණ වේ. මේවා මුඛය තුළ ඇති වේදනාවක් නැති ලප වේ. බුලත් විට කන , දුම් වැටි උරන , මත්පැන් බොන අය මසකට වරක් වත් කන්නාඩියකින් මුඛය පරීක්ෂා කර ගත යුතුය. මුලින් උඩු තොල උඩු අතට ඇද , දෙවැනුව යටි තොල යටි අතට ඇද පරීක්ෂා කළ යුතුය. මුඛයේ දෙකෙළවර සහ ඇතුළත ශ්ලේශ්මලය ඇඟිල්ල දමා කන්නාඩියෙන් පරීක්ෂා කළ යුතුය. දිව, දිව යට සහ උඩු තොල හොඳින් පරීක්ෂා කරන්න.
ඉහත කී ලක්ෂණ හෝ ඉදිමීමක් , ගැටිත්තක් හෝ දත්වල අව පැහැයක් දුටුවිට ළඟම සිටින දන්ත ශල්ය වෛද්යවරයා හමුවී පරීක්ෂා කර ගන්න.එසේ ඇතිවන හැම ලපයක් ම පිළිකා කාරක නොවේ.
මුඛ පිළිකා සඳහා වැඩි අවදානම් කණ්ඩායම් වන්නේ:
• පුරුද්දක් ලෙස දිනකට බුලත්විට තුනකට වඩා කන අය.
• බුලත්විට කලාතුරකින් කෑවත් ඒ සමඟ ම සිඟරට් බොන, මත් වතුර බොන් අය.
• දිනකට වරක්වත් පුවක් පැකට් වර්ග හපන අය.
කුඩා ළමුන්ට මුඛ පිළිකා අවදානම අඩු වුවත් වැඩිහිටියන් බුලත්විට කන විට පුවක් කැබලි අහුලාගෙන කෑමෙන් මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මල ෆයිබ්රෝසියාවට ගොදුරු වූ වයස අවුරුදු දෙකක සහ හතරක ළමයි දෙදෙනක් මෑතදී හඳුනා ගනු ලැබූහ.
සාකච්ජා කළේ: සාගරිකා දිසානායක ජයසිංහ
එවැනි විකෘති වූ සෛල මුඛය තුළ එක් තැන් වී ආසාදනය වූ විට එය මුඛ පිළිකාවක් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. ඇතැම් විට මුඛ පිළිකාව ගන වූ තුවාලයක්, ඉදිමීමක්, හො ඉදිරියට නෙරා ආ වර්ධනයක් ලෙස මූඛය තුළ දිස් විය හැකිය.
මුඛ පිළිකාව කල් තබා හඳුනා ගත හොත් නිට්ටාවට ම සුව කළ හැකිය. එසේ නො වුව හොත් මුඛ පිළිකාව නිසැකවම ඔබ මරණයට පත් කරයි. වර්තමානය වන විට ලංකාවේ වසරකට මුඛ පිළිකා රෝගීහු 1800-2000 අතර සංඛ්යාවක් අලුතින් හඳුනා ගැනෙති. මේ අතරින් රෝගීන් 987-1000 අතර පිරිසක් මිය යති. කල් තියා පූර්ව පිළිකා අවදියේ දී එය හඳුනා ගතහොත් ඉන් වැඩි දෙනකු සුවපත් කළ හැකියි.
සාමාන්යයෙන් අපේ රටේ පිරිමින් තුන් දෙනෙකු ට එක් කාන්තාවක් මුඛ පිළිකාවට ගොදුරු ෙව්. මෙරට පිරිමින් අතර බහුලතම පිළිකාව මුඛ පිළිකාව. කාන්තාවන් අතර බහුලතම පිළිකාව පියයුරු පිළිකාව. මුඛ පිළිකාවට පිරිමින් වැඩියෙන් ගොදුරු වන්නේ මත් පැන් බීම, දුම් බීම, සහ බුලත් විට සැපීම හේතුවෙන්.පිරිමින් අතර දැකිය හැකි අනෙක් ප්රධාන පිළිකා වර්ග වන්නේ පෙණහලු පිළිකාව, ගලනාලයේ පිළිකා සහ ආහාර මාර්ගයේ පිළිකා .මේවා ට ප්රධාන හේතුව දුම් බීම, මත් පැන් , බුලත්විට සහ වැරදි ආහාර පුරුදු. අඩුවෙන් එළවළු සහ පලතුරු පරිභෝජනයත් මෙයට හේතු වෙනවා.
මුඛ පිළිකා ඇති වීමට හේතු අතරින් ප්රධාන වන්නේ බුලත්විට කෑමය. එහි අඩංගු පුවක්, හුනු, දුංකොළ යන තුන් වර්ගය ම පිළිකාකාරක ය. දුම් කොළ ඍජු පිළිකා ජනකයක් බව බොහෝ දෙනා දනිති. පුවක්වල පිළිකා කාරක ඇතැයි පිළිගන්නට බොහෝ දෙනා මැළි වෙති.
එහෙයින් මුඛ පිළිකා සඳහා වර්තමානයෙහි ඇති ප්රබල ම අවදානම් සාධකය පුවක් ය. බුලත් විට මෙන්ම බාබුල් බීඩා ,පැස්පරාක්, ගුඩ්කා, මාවා යන විවිධ නම්වලින් හැඳින්වෙන ආනයනය කරන ලද දුම්කොළ ද අඩංගු පුවක් පැකට් අද වෙළෙඳපොළේ අලෙවි කැරේ. පාසල් සිසුන් , ඇඟලුම් කම්හල්වල සේවකයන් වැනි තරුණ පිරිස ගැවසෙන ස්ථාන අසල මේවා අලෙවි කැරේ. මෙම පුවක් පැකට් අලෙවිය තහනම් කර තිබුණද නීති විරෝධී ලෙස ආනයනය කොට හොර රහසේ තරුණ පිරිසට අලෙවි කිරීම හේතුවෙන් දැන් තරුණ පිරිස අතර මුඛ පිළිකා ද වැඩියෙන් වාර්තා වේ. මුඛ පිළිකාව මෙන්ම ඊටත් වඩා දරුණු මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මල ෆයිබ්රෝසියාව ට ගොදුරු වන ඉතා ළාබාල වියේ රෝගීන් සංඛ්යාව දිනෙන් දින ඉහළ යමින් පවතී.
මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මල ෆයිබ්රෝසියාව
මෙම රෝගයේ මූලික ලක්ෂණය වන්නේ ආහාර ගන්නා විට මුඛයේ අධික දැවිල්ලක් ඇති වීමයි. තොල් සහ මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලය සුදුමැලි වීමත් ඇල්ලූ විට රබර් වැනි ගතියක් දැනීමත් සෙසු ලක්ෂණ වේ. මෙම රෝගය බොහෝ දෙනා යකඩ ඌණතාව යැයි වරදවා වටහා ගනිති. මෙය වැඩි දුරටත් වර්ධනය වූ විට මුඛයෙහි තන්තු ගන වී මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලය ගන වීමෙන් මුඛය ඇර ගැනීමට අපහසු වී අවසානයේ දිව සොලවා ගත නොහැකි වී කතා කිරීමට පවා නො හැකි වේ.
මෙරට තරුණ පරපුර අතර මෙම රෝගය බහුලව දැකිය හැකිය. 2003 ජාතික මුඛ සෞඛ්ය සමීක්ෂණයට අනුව මෙරට ජනතාවගෙන් ලක්ෂ අටකට පූර්ව පිළිකා ලක්ෂණ පහළ වී තිබේ. මේ අතරින් ලක්ෂයක් පමණ මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මල ෆයිබ්රෝසියාවට ගොදුරු වූවෝ වෙති.
පුවක් ගෙඩියේ ඇති ප්රධාන ඇල්කොලයිඩ් වර්ග කිහිපයකි. ඇරිකඩීන්, ගුවායින්, ගුවාකෝලීන් යන මේ ඇල්කොලයිඩ් වර්ග මුඛය තුළදී සිදුවන නයිට්රේෂන් ක්රියාවලියේදී නයිට්රොසොඇමින් නම් වූ පිළිකා ජනක නිෂ්පාදනය කරයි.
දුම් කොළ මඟින් නිකුත් වන පිළිකා ජනක විසි අටකි. ඉන් අමතරව දුම් කොළ හැපීමේ දී මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලයේ සෛල තුළ ඔක්සිජන් අනුක පරමාණුවක් නිකුත් වීම මඟින් ජාන විකෘතිතාවක් සිදු වන බව සොයා ගෙන තිබේ.
හුනු සෛලවලට විස වෙන අතර එමඟින් මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලය තුවාල කරයි. එම තුවාල මඟින් සෙසු පිළිකා කාරක සිරුරට උරා ගැනීම පහසු කරයි. එමෙන් ම හුනු සහ පුවක් සංයෝග වීමෙන් මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මලයේ ඔක්සිජන් අනුක පරමාණුවක් නිකුත් වීම මඟින් ජාන විකෘති වන බවද සොයා ගෙන තිබේ. ජාන විකෘතිතාවක් ඇති වී කල් ගත වන විට එතැන පිළිකාවක් ඇති විය හැකිය.
ජාන විකෘතිතාවක් ඇති වූ පමණින් ම පිළිකා ඇති නොවේ. පිළිකා සෛල නැවත ප්රකෘති තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීමේ හැකියාව සහිත ක්රියාවලියක් මිනිස් සිරුර තුළ ස්වභාවයෙන් ම පිහිටා තිබේ. මෙම ක්රියාවලිය දුර්වල වූ අයට පහසුවෙක් ම පිළිකා ඇති වේ.
බුලත් කොළයේ පිළිකා ජනක අඩංගු නොවුණද බුලත් කොළයේ මුල සහ අග ද නැටි සහ මල්වල ද ඇති සැන්රෝල් නමැති සංයෝගය පිළිකා ජනක විය හැකි බවද සොයා ගෙන තිබේ.
දුම් ඉරීමේදි නිකුත් වන තාර වර්ගවල පිළිකා කාරක 70 ක් අඩංගු වේ. මේවා මුඛය, උගුර, මුත්රාශය, වකුගඩු ,ගලනාලය හා ආමාශය ආශ්රිත පිළිකා ඇති කිරීමට හේතු වෙයි.
මත්පැන් බීමේදී එහි ඇති එතනෝල් රසායනිකය අක්මාව තුළ දී පරිවෘත්තීය ක්රියාවලියට බඳුන් වී මෙන් ඇසිට්ඇල්ඩිනයිඩ් නමැති රසායනිකය හැදේ. මෙය ප්රධාන පිළිකා කාරකයකි. මෙය අක්මාව තුළ මුඛයේ බැක්ටීරියා මඟින් නිෂ්පාදනය විය හැකි අතර මුඛය, අක්මාව, ගලනාලය හා ආමාශයේ පිළිකාත් ඇති වීමට හේතු වෙයි.
පිළිකාවක් ඇති වෙන්නට පෙර පහළ වන අසාමාන්යතා පූර්ව පිළිකා ලක්ෂණ ලෙස හැඳින් වේ. මුඛයෙහි ඇතිවන සුදු ලප සුදු සහ රතු මිශ්ර ලප පූර්ව පිළිකා ලක්ෂණ වේ. මේවා මුඛය තුළ ඇති වේදනාවක් නැති ලප වේ. බුලත් විට කන , දුම් වැටි උරන , මත්පැන් බොන අය මසකට වරක් වත් කන්නාඩියකින් මුඛය පරීක්ෂා කර ගත යුතුය. මුලින් උඩු තොල උඩු අතට ඇද , දෙවැනුව යටි තොල යටි අතට ඇද පරීක්ෂා කළ යුතුය. මුඛයේ දෙකෙළවර සහ ඇතුළත ශ්ලේශ්මලය ඇඟිල්ල දමා කන්නාඩියෙන් පරීක්ෂා කළ යුතුය. දිව, දිව යට සහ උඩු තොල හොඳින් පරීක්ෂා කරන්න.
ඉහත කී ලක්ෂණ හෝ ඉදිමීමක් , ගැටිත්තක් හෝ දත්වල අව පැහැයක් දුටුවිට ළඟම සිටින දන්ත ශල්ය වෛද්යවරයා හමුවී පරීක්ෂා කර ගන්න.එසේ ඇතිවන හැම ලපයක් ම පිළිකා කාරක නොවේ.
මුඛ පිළිකා සඳහා වැඩි අවදානම් කණ්ඩායම් වන්නේ:
• පුරුද්දක් ලෙස දිනකට බුලත්විට තුනකට වඩා කන අය.
• බුලත්විට කලාතුරකින් කෑවත් ඒ සමඟ ම සිඟරට් බොන, මත් වතුර බොන් අය.
• දිනකට වරක්වත් පුවක් පැකට් වර්ග හපන අය.
කුඩා ළමුන්ට මුඛ පිළිකා අවදානම අඩු වුවත් වැඩිහිටියන් බුලත්විට කන විට පුවක් කැබලි අහුලාගෙන කෑමෙන් මුඛ ශ්ලේශ්මල ෆයිබ්රෝසියාවට ගොදුරු වූ වයස අවුරුදු දෙකක සහ හතරක ළමයි දෙදෙනක් මෑතදී හඳුනා ගනු ලැබූහ.
සාකච්ජා කළේ: සාගරිකා දිසානායක ජයසිංහ
When someone's blood flow or breathing stops,
When someone's blood flow or breathing stops, seconds count. Permanent brain damage or death can happen quickly. If you know how to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), you could save a life. CPR is an emergency procedure for a person whose heart has stopped or is no longer breathing. CPR can maintain circulation and breathing until emergency medical help arrives.
Even if you haven't had training, you can do "hands-only" CPR for a teen or adult whose heart has stopped beating ("hands-only" CPR isn't recommended for children). "Hands-only" CPR uses chest compressions to keep blood circulating until emergency help arrives. If you've had training, you can use chest compressions, clear the airway, and do rescue breathing. Rescue breathing helps get oxygen to the lungs for a person who has stopped breathing. To keep your skills up, you should repeat the training every two years.
1) Make sure the scene is safe before approaching the victim.
2) Check to see if the person responds by tapping the victim and shouting, “Are you OK?
3) If the person doesn’t respond, get help. Have you and someone else call Emergency Medical Service.
4) Check for breathing. The breathing should be normal, not gasping. If the person is not breathing or only gasping, they need CPR.
5) Begin CPR with 30 chest compressions. Push down at least 2 inches. The rate of compressions is at least 100 compressions a minute. After each compression let the chest come back up to its normal position.
6) Open the airway with a head tilt-chin lift and give 2 breaths.
7) Continue giving 30 compression and 2 breaths until the person starts to respond, you are too exhausted to continue, the scene becomes unsafe, an AED arrives or EMS (Emergency Medical Services) arrives.
Even if you haven't had training, you can do "hands-only" CPR for a teen or adult whose heart has stopped beating ("hands-only" CPR isn't recommended for children). "Hands-only" CPR uses chest compressions to keep blood circulating until emergency help arrives. If you've had training, you can use chest compressions, clear the airway, and do rescue breathing. Rescue breathing helps get oxygen to the lungs for a person who has stopped breathing. To keep your skills up, you should repeat the training every two years.
1) Make sure the scene is safe before approaching the victim.
2) Check to see if the person responds by tapping the victim and shouting, “Are you OK?
3) If the person doesn’t respond, get help. Have you and someone else call Emergency Medical Service.
4) Check for breathing. The breathing should be normal, not gasping. If the person is not breathing or only gasping, they need CPR.
5) Begin CPR with 30 chest compressions. Push down at least 2 inches. The rate of compressions is at least 100 compressions a minute. After each compression let the chest come back up to its normal position.
6) Open the airway with a head tilt-chin lift and give 2 breaths.
7) Continue giving 30 compression and 2 breaths until the person starts to respond, you are too exhausted to continue, the scene becomes unsafe, an AED arrives or EMS (Emergency Medical Services) arrives.
රිකට්සය (Rickets) රෝගය
රිකට්සය (Rickets) රෝගය යනු ප්රධාන වශයෙන් විටමින් D,පොස්පරස්,හෝ කැල්සියම් ඌනතාවයේ හෝ ඒවායේ පරිවෘත ක්රියාවල අඩුවීමක් නිසා කුඩා දරුවන්ගේ අස්ථිවල ඝනත්වය අඩුවීම,අස්ථි දිරායාම වැනි හේතූන් නිසා අස්ථිවල අසාමාන්යතා දැකිය හැකි තත්වයකි.මෙහිදී අස්ථී වර්ධනය හා වර්ධන වේගය අඩුවීම ,අස්ථීවල ශක්තිමත් භාවය අඩුවීම නිසා නිතර අස්ථි බිඳීම් වලට පහසුවෙන් මුහුණපෑම ,අස්ථි වර්ධනයේදී සිදුවන බලපෑම් නිසා අස්ථි වක්වීම,සන්ධි ඇදවීම ඇතුලු බොහෝ අසාමාන්යතා ඇතිවීම දැක්විය හැක.මෙම තත්වයට බොහෝවිට කුඩා කාලයේදී මන්දපෝෂණයට මුහුණ දුන් දරුවන් ,ප්රමාණවත් කැල්සියම් ,විටමින් D ආහාර වලට නොලැබුනු දරුවන් ,ප්රමාණවත් ලෙස සූර්ය එළියට නිරාවරණය නොවූ දරුවන්ද එසේම ගර්භණී කාලයේදී කැල්සියම් ,විටමින් D ප්රමාණවත් පරිදි නොලැබූ කාන්තාවන්ගේ දරුවන්ටද මෙම තත්වයට මුහුණදීමේ වැඩි අවධානමක් පවතී.
මෙම රෝගයේදී අස්ථිවල ගැටළු වලට අමතරව දත් දුර්වල වීම,මාංශපේශීන් දුර්වල වීම ,fit එක ඇතිවීමේ ඉහල අවධානමක්ද පවතී.
මෙම රෝගයට මූලිකව හේතුවන්නේ විටමින් D ඌනතාවයයි.විටමින් D ලබාගත හැකි ප්රධාන ප්රභවය සූර්ය ආලෝකයයි.එමනිසා සූර්ය ආලෝකයට ප්රමාණවත් ලෙස නිරාවරණය වීමෙන්ද විටමින් D හා කැල්සියම් අඩංගු ආහාර ලබා දීමෙන් මෙම තත්වයෙන් ආරක්ෂාවිය හැකියි.
මෙම රෝගයේදී අස්ථිවල ගැටළු වලට අමතරව දත් දුර්වල වීම,මාංශපේශීන් දුර්වල වීම ,fit එක ඇතිවීමේ ඉහල අවධානමක්ද පවතී.
මෙම රෝගයට මූලිකව හේතුවන්නේ විටමින් D ඌනතාවයයි.විටමින් D ලබාගත හැකි ප්රධාන ප්රභවය සූර්ය ආලෝකයයි.එමනිසා සූර්ය ආලෝකයට ප්රමාණවත් ලෙස නිරාවරණය වීමෙන්ද විටමින් D හා කැල්සියම් අඩංගු ආහාර ලබා දීමෙන් මෙම තත්වයෙන් ආරක්ෂාවිය හැකියි.
එච් 1 එන් 1 ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා උණ රෝගය
මේ දිනවල රට පුරා කතාබහට ලක් වී තිබෙන රෝගයක් ඒ එච් 1 එන් 1 ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා උණ රෝගය. පසුගියදා අගනුවර මාතෘ රෝහලක ගර්භණී මාතාවන් දෙදෙනෙකු මෙම රෝගයෙන් මිය යාමත් වැසි සමය එළැඹීමත් සමඟ එවැනි රෝග පැතිර යාමේ වැඩි ප්රවණතාවක් පැවතීමත් නිසා මේ පිළිබඳව කාගේත් අවධානය වැඩිපුර යොමු වුණා.
සාමාන්යයෙන් වෛරස් උණක් පැතිර යන විට ඊට වැඩිපුර ගොදුරු වන්නේ කුඩා දරුවන්.මේ රෝගය පිළිබඳවත් එය කුඩා දරුවන් ට බලපාන ආකාරයත් දැන ගැනීමට අපි කොළඹ රිජ්වේ ආර්යා ළමා රෝහලේ අධ්යක්ෂ විශේෂඥ වෛද්ය රත්නසිරි ඒ හේවගේ මහතා හමු වුණා.මේ සාකච්ජාවට අදාළ දත්ත සපයා දීමට රිජ්වේ ආර්යා ළමා රෝහලේ ආසාදන පාලන ඒකකයේ ප්රධාන හෙද නිලධාරිනී කේ. ඒ. කේ. එල් සරච්චන්ද්ර මහත්මියත් හෙද නිලධාරිනී ඩී.වී.ආර්. මැණිකේ මහත්මියත් අප හා එක් වුණා.
ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා ඒ. එච් 1 එන්1 යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන්නේ කවර රෝගයක් ද?
මෙය වෛරසයක් මඟින් බෝ වන සාමාන්ය කැස්ස සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යා උණට බොහෝ දුරට සමාන වන රෝගයක්. ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා වෛරසය විවිධ ප්රභේදඔස්සේ ස්වසන පද්ධතිය ආසාදනය කරනවා. මෙහි රෝග ලක්ෂණ බොහෝ දුරට සමාන්යයෙන් කාලීනව පැතිර යන සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යා උණට බොහෝ දුරට සමානයි.
එහි ඇති විශේෂත්වය කුමක් ද?
විශේෂත්වය වන්නේ මෙම වෛරසය මිනිස් සිරුරට ඇතුළු වූ විට ඇතැමුන් ට ඉතා දරුණු සංකූලතා ඇති වීමයි. එමෙන්ම මෙය ඉතා ශීඝ්රයෙන් ජනතාව අතර පැතිරීමත් රටකින් රටකට වේගයෙන් පැතිරී යාමත් විශේෂ යි.
එම සංකූලතා මොනවාද?
සාමාන්ය ශරීර උෂ්ණත්වය සෙන්ටි ග්රේඩ් අංශක 38 ට වැඩි උණ, කැස්ස , සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යාවේ සිට නිව්මෝනියාව , හුස්ම ගැනීමේ අපහසුතාවෙන් සිදුවන මරණය දක්වා වූ සංකූලතා.
මෙහි රෝග ලක්ෂණ මොනවාද?
සෙ. ග්රේ. අංශක 38 ට වැඩි උණ, කැස්ස, සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යාව, සොටු දියර ගැලීම, උගුරේ ආසාදනය, ඇඟපත රුදාව, හිසරදය, සීතල සහ මහන්සිය. මේ රෝග ලක්ෂණ උග්ර වූ විට නිව්මෝනියාව සහ ස්වසන පද්ධතියේ අකර්මණ්යතාව ඇති විය හැකියි.
රෝගය බෝ වන්නේ කොහොමද?
මෙම වෛරසය ප්රධාන වශයෙන් ඒ බී සී යන ප්රභේද තුනකට බෙදෙනවා. ඒ වෛරසයේ ප්රධාන වාහකයා වන්නේ ජලජ පක්ෂීන්. ගෙවල ඇති කරන කුකුළන් අතරත් මෙම වෛරසය වේගයෙන් පැතිරෙනවා. මිනිසාට රෝගය බෝ වන්නේ මෙම ගෘහාශ්රිත පක්ෂීන්ගෙන්. මෙම සතුන්ගෙන් පැතිරෙන වෛරසයේ උප ප්රභේද මිනිස් සිරුරට ඇතුළුවෙනවා. මේ නව වෛරස ප්රභේද සඳහා මිනිසා තුළ ස්වභාවික ප්රතිශක්තියක් නැති හෙයින් එය මිනිසුන් අතර ශීඝ්රයෙන් පැතිරෙනවා.රෝගීන් කසින කිවිසින විට පිට වන බිඳිති මඟින් විෂ බීජ මිනිස් සිරුරට ඇතුළු වෙනවා.
මෙම රෝගය මාරාන්තික ද?
ඔව්. අවදානම් කණ්ඩායම්වල රෝගීන් ට එහි මරණීය අවදානමක් තිබෙනවා.
අවදානම් කණ්ඩායම් කවුද?
ගර්භණී මවුවරුන්.
අවුරුදු දෙකට අඩු දරුවන්.
අවුරුදු හැට පහට වැඩි අය.
පෙනහලු ආබාධ, හෘද රෝග, අධික රුධිර පීඩනය, දියවැඩියාව, වකුගඩු ආශ්රිත රෝග, අක්මාව සහ ස්නායු පද්ධතිය ආශ්රිත රෝගවලින් පෙළෙන අය.
සාමාන්ය වෛරස උණකින් ඒ එච්1 එන්1 රෝගය වෙන්ව හඳුනා ගන්නේ කෙසේද?
එය වෛද්යවරයා විසින් තීරණය කළ යුතුයි. සෙන්ටි ග්රේඩ් අංශක 38 ට වැඩි උණක් හෝ ඉහත කී රෝග ලක්ෂණ සමඟ ඇත් නම් නිවසේ දී අත් බෙහෙත් කරමින් නොසිට වහාම වෛද්යවරයකු වෙත යා යුතුයි. දින තුනකට වඩා උණ ඇත් නම් ඩෙංගු සඳහා පරීක්ෂා කිරීමත් රෝහලකින් සෙම පටල පරීක්ෂාවක් කර ගැනීමත් වැදගත්.
ඔබට ඇත්තේ සාමාන්ය උණක නම් වෛද්යවරයා බෙහෙත් සහ උපදෙස් දී ඔබ නිවසට යවනු ඇති. ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා උණ තදින් ඇත්නම් රෝහලේ නැවතී ප්රතිකාර ගැනීමට ඔබට සිදුවනු ඇති.
රෝගයෙන් වැළකිය හැක්කේ කෙසේද?
අවදානම් කණ්ඩායම්වල අය රෝගීන් ගැවසිය හැකි පොදු ස්ථානවල ගැවසීමෙන් වැළකී සිටීම.
උණ හෝ රෝග ලක්ෂණ පහළ වූ සැණින් වෛද්ය උපදෙස් පැතීම.
රෝගයට ගොදුරු වුව හොත් පාසලට, කාර්යාලයට හෝ ජනතාව ගැවසෙන ස්ථාන වෙත නො ගොස් හැකිතාක් විවේකීව සිටීම.
ගර්භණී මවුවරුන් සහ කුඩා දරුවන් ගේ මවුපියන් කල් තියා දැනුවත් කිරීම.
රෝගීන් කසින කිවිසින විට කඩදාසි හෝ ලේන්සුවකින් මුව ආවරණය කර ගැනීම. සෙම් සොටු තැවරුණු ද්රව්ය විනාශ කිරීම.
රෝගියා භාවිතා කළ ලේන්සු තුවා ආදිය හවුලේ භාවිතා නොකිරීම.
පොදු ප්රවාහන සේවාවල ගමන් කළ විට හෝ පිටත ගොස් පැමිණි විට දෑත් සබන් යොදා සේදීම.
රෝගය කුඩා දරුවන් ට බලපාන්නේ කොහොමද?
කුඩාම දරුවන්ගේ ස්වසන පද්ධතියට වෛරසය ඇතුළු වීමෙන් නිව්මෝනියා තත්ත්වයට පත් වීමටත්, හුස්ම ගැනීමට අපහසු වීමෙන් මරණයට පත් වීමටත් ඉඩ තිබෙනවා.
ළමා රෝහලේ රෝගීන් අතර මෙම රෝගයට ගොදුරු වූ දරුවන් මරණයට පත් වුණාද?
නෑ.
උණ සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යාව වැලඳුණු රෝගීන් කී දෙනකු පමණ දිනකට රෝහල වෙත පැමිණෙනවාද?
බාහිර රෝගී අංශයට දිනකට රෝගීන් දහසක් හෝ ඊටත් ටිකක් වැඩියෙන් පැමිණෙනවා. එයින් 7-10 ක් පමණ ඩෙංගු රෝගීන්.
මේ හැම දෙනාම සුවපත් වෙනවාද?
බොහෝ විට සුවපත් වෙනවා. අපේ රෝහලේ ඩෙංගු ප්රතිකාර ඉතාම හොඳයි. වෙනත් රෝහල්වලින් රෝගය අසාද්ය වී එවන ලද රෝගීන් එක් අයකු දෙන්නකු හැර මේ රෝහලට ඇතුළත් වූ රෝගීන් මිය ගියේ නෑ.
ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා රෝගය පාලනය සඳහා රෝහල කිසියම් විශේෂ ක්රියාපිළිවෙළක් අනුගමනය කරනවාද?
එම රෝගය පමණක් නොවෙයි සෑම බෝවන රෝගයක් ම රෝහල තුළ පැතිර යාම වළක්වාලීමට අපි විශේෂ වැඩපිළිවෙළක් ක්රියාත්මක කරනවා.උණ මෙන්ම වෙනත් ආසාදන ඇත් දැයි හඳුනා ගැනීමට රෝගීන්ගෙන් රුධිර සාම්පල හා සෙම පටල පරීක්ෂා කිරීමට නිරන්තරයෙන් ම ඒවා වෛද්ය පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය වෙත යවනවා. මෙම කටයුතු ඉටු කෙරෙන්නේ ආසාදන පාලන අංශයෙන්. මෙම කටයුතු වසංගත තත්ත්වයක් තිබුණත් නැතත් නිරතුරුවම සිදු කෙරෙනවා. ඒ පිළිබඳව අපේ රෝහල වගකිවයුතු අංශවල විශේෂ පැසසුමට ලක්ව තිබෙනවා.
සාකච්ජා කළේ:
සාගරිකා දිසානායක ජයසිංහ
සාමාන්යයෙන් වෛරස් උණක් පැතිර යන විට ඊට වැඩිපුර ගොදුරු වන්නේ කුඩා දරුවන්.මේ රෝගය පිළිබඳවත් එය කුඩා දරුවන් ට බලපාන ආකාරයත් දැන ගැනීමට අපි කොළඹ රිජ්වේ ආර්යා ළමා රෝහලේ අධ්යක්ෂ විශේෂඥ වෛද්ය රත්නසිරි ඒ හේවගේ මහතා හමු වුණා.මේ සාකච්ජාවට අදාළ දත්ත සපයා දීමට රිජ්වේ ආර්යා ළමා රෝහලේ ආසාදන පාලන ඒකකයේ ප්රධාන හෙද නිලධාරිනී කේ. ඒ. කේ. එල් සරච්චන්ද්ර මහත්මියත් හෙද නිලධාරිනී ඩී.වී.ආර්. මැණිකේ මහත්මියත් අප හා එක් වුණා.
ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා ඒ. එච් 1 එන්1 යනුවෙන් හඳුන්වන්නේ කවර රෝගයක් ද?
මෙය වෛරසයක් මඟින් බෝ වන සාමාන්ය කැස්ස සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යා උණට බොහෝ දුරට සමාන වන රෝගයක්. ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා වෛරසය විවිධ ප්රභේදඔස්සේ ස්වසන පද්ධතිය ආසාදනය කරනවා. මෙහි රෝග ලක්ෂණ බොහෝ දුරට සමාන්යයෙන් කාලීනව පැතිර යන සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යා උණට බොහෝ දුරට සමානයි.
එහි ඇති විශේෂත්වය කුමක් ද?
විශේෂත්වය වන්නේ මෙම වෛරසය මිනිස් සිරුරට ඇතුළු වූ විට ඇතැමුන් ට ඉතා දරුණු සංකූලතා ඇති වීමයි. එමෙන්ම මෙය ඉතා ශීඝ්රයෙන් ජනතාව අතර පැතිරීමත් රටකින් රටකට වේගයෙන් පැතිරී යාමත් විශේෂ යි.
එම සංකූලතා මොනවාද?
සාමාන්ය ශරීර උෂ්ණත්වය සෙන්ටි ග්රේඩ් අංශක 38 ට වැඩි උණ, කැස්ස , සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යාවේ සිට නිව්මෝනියාව , හුස්ම ගැනීමේ අපහසුතාවෙන් සිදුවන මරණය දක්වා වූ සංකූලතා.
මෙහි රෝග ලක්ෂණ මොනවාද?
සෙ. ග්රේ. අංශක 38 ට වැඩි උණ, කැස්ස, සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යාව, සොටු දියර ගැලීම, උගුරේ ආසාදනය, ඇඟපත රුදාව, හිසරදය, සීතල සහ මහන්සිය. මේ රෝග ලක්ෂණ උග්ර වූ විට නිව්මෝනියාව සහ ස්වසන පද්ධතියේ අකර්මණ්යතාව ඇති විය හැකියි.
රෝගය බෝ වන්නේ කොහොමද?
මෙම වෛරසය ප්රධාන වශයෙන් ඒ බී සී යන ප්රභේද තුනකට බෙදෙනවා. ඒ වෛරසයේ ප්රධාන වාහකයා වන්නේ ජලජ පක්ෂීන්. ගෙවල ඇති කරන කුකුළන් අතරත් මෙම වෛරසය වේගයෙන් පැතිරෙනවා. මිනිසාට රෝගය බෝ වන්නේ මෙම ගෘහාශ්රිත පක්ෂීන්ගෙන්. මෙම සතුන්ගෙන් පැතිරෙන වෛරසයේ උප ප්රභේද මිනිස් සිරුරට ඇතුළුවෙනවා. මේ නව වෛරස ප්රභේද සඳහා මිනිසා තුළ ස්වභාවික ප්රතිශක්තියක් නැති හෙයින් එය මිනිසුන් අතර ශීඝ්රයෙන් පැතිරෙනවා.රෝගීන් කසින කිවිසින විට පිට වන බිඳිති මඟින් විෂ බීජ මිනිස් සිරුරට ඇතුළු වෙනවා.
මෙම රෝගය මාරාන්තික ද?
ඔව්. අවදානම් කණ්ඩායම්වල රෝගීන් ට එහි මරණීය අවදානමක් තිබෙනවා.
අවදානම් කණ්ඩායම් කවුද?
ගර්භණී මවුවරුන්.
අවුරුදු දෙකට අඩු දරුවන්.
අවුරුදු හැට පහට වැඩි අය.
පෙනහලු ආබාධ, හෘද රෝග, අධික රුධිර පීඩනය, දියවැඩියාව, වකුගඩු ආශ්රිත රෝග, අක්මාව සහ ස්නායු පද්ධතිය ආශ්රිත රෝගවලින් පෙළෙන අය.
සාමාන්ය වෛරස උණකින් ඒ එච්1 එන්1 රෝගය වෙන්ව හඳුනා ගන්නේ කෙසේද?
එය වෛද්යවරයා විසින් තීරණය කළ යුතුයි. සෙන්ටි ග්රේඩ් අංශක 38 ට වැඩි උණක් හෝ ඉහත කී රෝග ලක්ෂණ සමඟ ඇත් නම් නිවසේ දී අත් බෙහෙත් කරමින් නොසිට වහාම වෛද්යවරයකු වෙත යා යුතුයි. දින තුනකට වඩා උණ ඇත් නම් ඩෙංගු සඳහා පරීක්ෂා කිරීමත් රෝහලකින් සෙම පටල පරීක්ෂාවක් කර ගැනීමත් වැදගත්.
ඔබට ඇත්තේ සාමාන්ය උණක නම් වෛද්යවරයා බෙහෙත් සහ උපදෙස් දී ඔබ නිවසට යවනු ඇති. ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා උණ තදින් ඇත්නම් රෝහලේ නැවතී ප්රතිකාර ගැනීමට ඔබට සිදුවනු ඇති.
රෝගයෙන් වැළකිය හැක්කේ කෙසේද?
අවදානම් කණ්ඩායම්වල අය රෝගීන් ගැවසිය හැකි පොදු ස්ථානවල ගැවසීමෙන් වැළකී සිටීම.
උණ හෝ රෝග ලක්ෂණ පහළ වූ සැණින් වෛද්ය උපදෙස් පැතීම.
රෝගයට ගොදුරු වුව හොත් පාසලට, කාර්යාලයට හෝ ජනතාව ගැවසෙන ස්ථාන වෙත නො ගොස් හැකිතාක් විවේකීව සිටීම.
ගර්භණී මවුවරුන් සහ කුඩා දරුවන් ගේ මවුපියන් කල් තියා දැනුවත් කිරීම.
රෝගීන් කසින කිවිසින විට කඩදාසි හෝ ලේන්සුවකින් මුව ආවරණය කර ගැනීම. සෙම් සොටු තැවරුණු ද්රව්ය විනාශ කිරීම.
රෝගියා භාවිතා කළ ලේන්සු තුවා ආදිය හවුලේ භාවිතා නොකිරීම.
පොදු ප්රවාහන සේවාවල ගමන් කළ විට හෝ පිටත ගොස් පැමිණි විට දෑත් සබන් යොදා සේදීම.
රෝගය කුඩා දරුවන් ට බලපාන්නේ කොහොමද?
කුඩාම දරුවන්ගේ ස්වසන පද්ධතියට වෛරසය ඇතුළු වීමෙන් නිව්මෝනියා තත්ත්වයට පත් වීමටත්, හුස්ම ගැනීමට අපහසු වීමෙන් මරණයට පත් වීමටත් ඉඩ තිබෙනවා.
ළමා රෝහලේ රෝගීන් අතර මෙම රෝගයට ගොදුරු වූ දරුවන් මරණයට පත් වුණාද?
නෑ.
උණ සෙම්ප්රතිශ්යාව වැලඳුණු රෝගීන් කී දෙනකු පමණ දිනකට රෝහල වෙත පැමිණෙනවාද?
බාහිර රෝගී අංශයට දිනකට රෝගීන් දහසක් හෝ ඊටත් ටිකක් වැඩියෙන් පැමිණෙනවා. එයින් 7-10 ක් පමණ ඩෙංගු රෝගීන්.
මේ හැම දෙනාම සුවපත් වෙනවාද?
බොහෝ විට සුවපත් වෙනවා. අපේ රෝහලේ ඩෙංගු ප්රතිකාර ඉතාම හොඳයි. වෙනත් රෝහල්වලින් රෝගය අසාද්ය වී එවන ලද රෝගීන් එක් අයකු දෙන්නකු හැර මේ රෝහලට ඇතුළත් වූ රෝගීන් මිය ගියේ නෑ.
ඉන්ෆ්ලුඑන්සා රෝගය පාලනය සඳහා රෝහල කිසියම් විශේෂ ක්රියාපිළිවෙළක් අනුගමනය කරනවාද?
එම රෝගය පමණක් නොවෙයි සෑම බෝවන රෝගයක් ම රෝහල තුළ පැතිර යාම වළක්වාලීමට අපි විශේෂ වැඩපිළිවෙළක් ක්රියාත්මක කරනවා.උණ මෙන්ම වෙනත් ආසාදන ඇත් දැයි හඳුනා ගැනීමට රෝගීන්ගෙන් රුධිර සාම්පල හා සෙම පටල පරීක්ෂා කිරීමට නිරන්තරයෙන් ම ඒවා වෛද්ය පර්යේෂණ ආයතනය වෙත යවනවා. මෙම කටයුතු ඉටු කෙරෙන්නේ ආසාදන පාලන අංශයෙන්. මෙම කටයුතු වසංගත තත්ත්වයක් තිබුණත් නැතත් නිරතුරුවම සිදු කෙරෙනවා. ඒ පිළිබඳව අපේ රෝහල වගකිවයුතු අංශවල විශේෂ පැසසුමට ලක්ව තිබෙනවා.
සාකච්ජා කළේ:
සාගරිකා දිසානායක ජයසිංහ
Why are cancer researchers studying cruciferous vegetables?
Broccoli
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Collard greens
Kale
carrots
tomatoes
spinach
Why are cancer researchers studying cruciferous vegetables?
Cruciferous vegetables are rich in nutrients, including several carotenoids (beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin); vitamins C, E, and K; folate; and minerals. They also are a good fiber source.
In addition, cruciferous vegetables contain a group of substances known as glucosinolates, which are sulfur-containing chemicals. These chemicals are responsible for the pungent aroma and bitter flavor of cruciferous vegetables.
During food preparation, chewing, and digestion, the glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables are broken down to form biologically active compounds such as indoles, nitriles, thiocyanates, and isothiocyanates . Indole-3-carbinol (an indole) and sulforaphane (an isothiocyanate) have been most frequently examined for their anticancer effects.
Indoles and isothiocyanates have been found to inhibit the development of cancer in several organs in rats and mice, including the bladder, breast, colon, liver, lung, and stomach . Studies in animals and experiments with cells grown in the laboratory have identified several potential ways in which these compounds may help prevent cancer:
They help protect cells from DNA damage.
They help inactivate carcinogens.
They have antiviral and antibacterial effects.
They have anti-inflammatory effects.
They induce cell death (apoptosis).
They inhibit tumor blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) and tumor cell migration (needed for metastasis).
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Collard greens
Kale
carrots
tomatoes
spinach
Why are cancer researchers studying cruciferous vegetables?
Cruciferous vegetables are rich in nutrients, including several carotenoids (beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin); vitamins C, E, and K; folate; and minerals. They also are a good fiber source.
In addition, cruciferous vegetables contain a group of substances known as glucosinolates, which are sulfur-containing chemicals. These chemicals are responsible for the pungent aroma and bitter flavor of cruciferous vegetables.
During food preparation, chewing, and digestion, the glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables are broken down to form biologically active compounds such as indoles, nitriles, thiocyanates, and isothiocyanates . Indole-3-carbinol (an indole) and sulforaphane (an isothiocyanate) have been most frequently examined for their anticancer effects.
Indoles and isothiocyanates have been found to inhibit the development of cancer in several organs in rats and mice, including the bladder, breast, colon, liver, lung, and stomach . Studies in animals and experiments with cells grown in the laboratory have identified several potential ways in which these compounds may help prevent cancer:
They help protect cells from DNA damage.
They help inactivate carcinogens.
They have antiviral and antibacterial effects.
They have anti-inflammatory effects.
They induce cell death (apoptosis).
They inhibit tumor blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) and tumor cell migration (needed for metastasis).
Pears are safe to eat during pregnancy;
Pears are safe to eat during pregnancy; they are low in calories and contain several nutrients that are especially important for expecting moms.
Folic Acid
Pears provide approximately 12 micrograms of folic acid per piece of fruit, according to the Pear Bureau Northwest. Although that may not seem like much, when it comes to folic acid, you should get as much as you can during pregnancy. Not many foods contain folic acid, which is why most doctors recommend that women of child-bearing age take a supplement that provides a significant portion of your daily intake. Folic acid is particularly crucial in the first trimester of pregnancy, when it plays a critical role in the prevention of neural-tube disorders.
Vitamin C
Pears are an excellent source of vitamin C. Just one pear contains about 7 milligrams, which is 11 percent of the daily recommended intake for pregnant and non-pregnant women. Vitamin C helps your body fight infection, which is particularly important during stressful times of your pregnancy. Eat pears with foods that are high in iron, like rice and beans or meat, to help your body absorb iron. Iron deficiency is more common during pregnancy, which makes vitamin C intake more important than ever.
Fiber
Pears are also a good source of fiber, which helps relieve constipation, a common pregnancy symptom. If you take iron supplements during your pregnancy, you may be more prone to constipation and should eat a lot of high-fiber foods. Eat pears with the peels to get the highest fiber content. According to the Pear Bureau Northwest, one pear contains 4.5 grams of dietary fiber with 1.8 grams from pectin, which is a type of soluble fiber that aids in the digestive process.
Calories
Although you probably don't need to worry about your calorie intake during pregnancy, pears won't pack on the pounds. One pear contains about 100 calories, according to the Pear Bureau Northwest. Since they contain a high amount of fiber, pears are quite filling and provide a low-calorie snack that will also give you healthy energy to make it through the day. Pears contain two simple carbohydrates, fructose and glucose, which are easily digested and provide a healthy energy boost.
Folic Acid
Pears provide approximately 12 micrograms of folic acid per piece of fruit, according to the Pear Bureau Northwest. Although that may not seem like much, when it comes to folic acid, you should get as much as you can during pregnancy. Not many foods contain folic acid, which is why most doctors recommend that women of child-bearing age take a supplement that provides a significant portion of your daily intake. Folic acid is particularly crucial in the first trimester of pregnancy, when it plays a critical role in the prevention of neural-tube disorders.
Vitamin C
Pears are an excellent source of vitamin C. Just one pear contains about 7 milligrams, which is 11 percent of the daily recommended intake for pregnant and non-pregnant women. Vitamin C helps your body fight infection, which is particularly important during stressful times of your pregnancy. Eat pears with foods that are high in iron, like rice and beans or meat, to help your body absorb iron. Iron deficiency is more common during pregnancy, which makes vitamin C intake more important than ever.
Fiber
Pears are also a good source of fiber, which helps relieve constipation, a common pregnancy symptom. If you take iron supplements during your pregnancy, you may be more prone to constipation and should eat a lot of high-fiber foods. Eat pears with the peels to get the highest fiber content. According to the Pear Bureau Northwest, one pear contains 4.5 grams of dietary fiber with 1.8 grams from pectin, which is a type of soluble fiber that aids in the digestive process.
Calories
Although you probably don't need to worry about your calorie intake during pregnancy, pears won't pack on the pounds. One pear contains about 100 calories, according to the Pear Bureau Northwest. Since they contain a high amount of fiber, pears are quite filling and provide a low-calorie snack that will also give you healthy energy to make it through the day. Pears contain two simple carbohydrates, fructose and glucose, which are easily digested and provide a healthy energy boost.
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